A Key Regulator of the Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Central Metabolic Pathways in .

The order Rhizobiales contains numerous agriculturally, biotechnologically, and medically important bacteria, including the rhizobia, and the genera , , and , among others. These organisms tend to be metabolically versatile, but there has been relatively little investigation into the regulation of their central carbon metabolic pathways. Here, RNA-sequencing and promoter fusion data are presented to show that the PckR protein is a key regulator of central carbon metabolism in ; during growth with gluconeogenic substrates, PckR represses expression of the complete Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic pathway and induces expression of the and gluconeogenic genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that PckR binds an imperfect palindromic sequence that overlaps the promoter or transcriptional start site in the negatively regulated promoters, or is present in tandem upstream the promoter motifs in the positively regulated promoters. Genetic and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments suggest that elevated concentrations of a PckR effector ligand results in the dissociation of PckR from its target binding site, and evidence is presented that suggests phosphoenolpyruvate may function as the effector. Characterization of missense alleles identified three conserved residues important for increasing the affinity of PckR for its cognate effector molecule. Bioinformatics analyses illustrates that PckR is limited to a narrow phylogenetic range consisting of the , , , and families. These data provide novel insights into the regulation of the core carbon metabolic pathways of this pertinent group of α-proteobacteria.