Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
Food Res Int. 2017 Oct;100(Pt 1):780-790. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.007. Epub 2017 Aug 3.
The role of polyphenolic compounds extractable from artichoke solid wastes in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was studied. Outer bracts and stems were extracted using different water-ethanol mixtures and HPLC-DAD analyses indicated aqueous and hydro-alcoholic 20:80 stem extracts as the richest in polyphenols. The samples were characterized in their phenolic composition (using mass spectrometry) and antioxidant capacity. Antiglycative capacity was evaluated by in vitro BSA-sugars (glucose, fructose, and ribose) and BSA-methylglyoxal (MGO) tests, formation of Amadori products assay, direct glyoxal (GO) and MGO trapping capacity. Results indicated both extracts as effective inhibitors of fructosamine formation and antiglycative agents. In particular, aqueous extract showed the best activity in the systems containing glucose and fructose, differently from ethanolic extract, that was demonstrated able to better inhibit AGEs formation when ribose or MGO act as precursors. Ethanolic extract was also shown to be able to trap MGO and GO, with efficiency increasing after 24hours of incubation time. These activities are partially correlated with the antioxidant effect of the extract, as demonstrated by the scavenger capacity against ABTS cation and DPPH stable radicals; this relationship is evident when the model system, containing protein incubated with ribose or MGO, is considered. The different activities of the tested extracts could probably be ascribed to the different composition in chlorogenic acids (CQAs), being aqueous extract richer in 1-CQA, 3-CQA, and 1,3-di-CQA, and ethanolic extract in 5-CQA, caffeic acid, 1,5-di-CQA. These findings support further investigations to study the stability of the different CQAs in simil-physiological conditions and the feasibility of artichoke waste as antiglycative agents in food or pharmacological preparations.
5-caffeoylquinic acid (PubChem CID 5280633); 3-caffeoylquinic acid (PubChem CID 1794427); 1-caffeoylquinic acid (PubChem CID 10155076); 1,3-di-caffeoylquinic acid (PubChem CID 24720973); 1,5 - di-caffeoylquinic acid (PubChem CID 122685); caffeic acid (PubChem CID 689043); apigenin-7-glucuronide (PubChem CID 5319484); methylglyoxal PubChem CID (880); aminoguanidine hydrochloride (PubChem CID 2734687).
研究了从朝鲜蓟固体废料中提取的多酚化合物在晚期糖基化终产物 (AGEs) 形成中的作用。使用不同的水-乙醇混合物提取外苞片和茎，HPLC-DAD 分析表明，水和水醇 20:80 茎提取物富含多酚。对样品进行了酚类成分（使用质谱法）和抗氧化能力的表征。通过体外 BSA-糖（葡萄糖、果糖和核糖）和 BSA-甲基乙二醛 (MGO) 试验、Amadori 产物测定、直接乙二醛 (GO) 和 MGO 捕获能力评估抗糖化能力。结果表明，两种提取物均能有效抑制果糖胺的形成，具有抗糖化作用。特别是，水提取物在含有葡萄糖和果糖的系统中表现出最好的活性，而与乙醇提取物不同，当核糖或 MGO 作为前体时，乙醇提取物显示出更好地抑制 AGEs 形成的能力。乙醇提取物还能够捕获 MGO 和 GO，孵育 24 小时后效率增加。这些活性部分与提取物的抗氧化作用相关，如 ABTS 阳离子和 DPPH 稳定自由基的清除能力所示；当考虑含有与核糖或 MGO 孵育的蛋白质的模型系统时，这种关系是明显的。测试提取物的不同活性可能归因于绿原酸 (CQAs) 的不同组成，水提取物中 1-CQA、3-CQA 和 1,3-二-CQA 含量较高，而乙醇提取物中 5-CQA、咖啡酸、1,5-二-CQA 含量较高。这些发现支持进一步研究以研究不同 CQAs 在类似生理条件下的稳定性以及朝鲜蓟废物作为食品或药理学制剂中抗糖化剂的可行性。
5-咖啡酰奎宁酸（PubChem CID 5280633）；3-咖啡酰奎宁酸（PubChem CID 1794427）；1-咖啡酰奎宁酸（PubChem CID 10155076）；1,3-二咖啡酰奎宁酸（PubChem CID 24720973）；1,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸（PubChem CID 122685）；咖啡酸（PubChem CID 689043）；芹菜素-7-葡萄糖醛酸苷（PubChem CID 5319484）；甲基乙二醛（PubChem CID 880）；盐酸氨基胍（PubChem CID 2734687）。
