Rydell Jens, Eklöf Johan, Sánchez-Navarro Sonia
Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Graptolit Ord och Natur, Bollebygd, Sweden.
R Soc Open Sci. 2017 Aug 9;4(8):161077. doi: 10.1098/rsos.161077. eCollection 2017 Aug.
We surveyed 110 country churches in south-western Sweden for presence of brown long-eared bats in summer 2016 by visual inspection and/or evening emergence counts. Each church was also classified according to the presence and amount of aesthetic directional lights (flood-lights) aimed on its walls and tower from the outside. Sixty-one of the churches had previously been surveyed by one of us (J.R.) between 1980 and 1990, before lights were installed on Swedish churches, using the same methods. Churches with bat colonies had decreased significantly in frequency from 61% in 1980s to 38% by 2016. All abandoned churches had been fitted with flood-lights in the period between the two surveys. The loss of bat colonies from lit churches was highly significant and most obvious when lights were applied from all directions, leaving no dark corridor for the bats to leave and return to the roost. In contrast, in churches that were not lit, all of 13 bat colonies remained after 25+ years between the surveys. Lighting of churches and other historical buildings is a serious threat to the long-term survival and reproduction of light-averse bats such as spp. and other slow-flying species. Bat roosts are strictly protected according to the EU Habitats Directive and the EUROBATS agreement. Lighting of buildings for aesthetic purposes is becoming a serious environmental issue, because important bat roosts are destroyed in large numbers, and the problem should be handled accordingly. As a start, installation of flood-lights on historical buildings should at least require an environmental impact assessment (EIA).
2016年夏天，我们通过目视检查和/或夜间出飞计数，对瑞典西南部的110座乡村教堂进行了调查，以确定棕长耳蝠的存在情况。每座教堂还根据是否有从外部照射到其墙壁和塔楼的美观定向灯（泛光灯）以及泛光灯的数量进行了分类。其中61座教堂此前在1980年至1990年间由我们中的一人（J.R.）进行过调查，当时瑞典的教堂尚未安装灯光，采用的是相同的方法。有蝙蝠群落的教堂比例从20世纪80年代的61%显著下降至2016年的38%。在两次调查期间，所有废弃教堂都安装了泛光灯。有灯光照射的教堂中蝙蝠群落的减少非常显著，当灯光从各个方向照射时最为明显，这使得蝙蝠没有黑暗的通道离开和返回栖息地。相比之下，在没有灯光照射的教堂中，13个蝙蝠群落中有13个在两次调查间隔的25年多时间里一直存在。教堂和其他历史建筑的照明对棕长耳蝠等厌恶光线的蝙蝠以及其他飞行缓慢的物种的长期生存和繁殖构成严重威胁。根据欧盟《栖息地指令》和《欧洲蝙蝠协议》，蝙蝠栖息地受到严格保护。出于美观目的对建筑进行照明正成为一个严重的环境问题，因为大量重要的蝙蝠栖息地被破坏，这个问题应得到相应处理。首先，在历史建筑上安装泛光灯至少应要求进行环境影响评估（EIA）。
