BACKGROUND: It is currently unknown why allergen exposure or environmental triggers in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma result in T2-mediated eosinophilic inflammation, whereas patients with severe asthma often present with T17-mediated neutrophilic inflammation. The activation state of dendritic cells (DCs) is crucial for both T2 and T17 cell differentiation and is mediated through nuclear factor κB activation. Ablation of TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), one of the crucial negative regulators of nuclear factor κB activation in myeloid cells and DCs, was shown to control DC activation. OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigated the precise role of TNFAIP3 in myeloid cells for the development of T2- and T17-cell mediated asthma. METHODS: We exposed mice with conditional deletion of the Tnfaip3 gene in either myeloid cells (by using the lysozyme M [LysM] promotor) or specifically in DCs (by using the Cd11c promotor) to acute and chronic house dust mite (HDM)-driven asthma models. RESULTS: We demonstrated that reduced Tnfaip3 gene expression in DCs in either Tnfaip3 or Tnfaip3 mice dose-dependently controlled development of T17-mediated neutrophilic severe asthma in both acute and chronic HDM-driven models, whereas wild-type mice had a purely T2-mediated eosinophilic inflammation. TNFAIP3-deficient DCs induced HDM-specific T17 cell differentiation through increased expression of the T17-instructing cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23, whereas HDM-specific T2 cell differentiation was hampered by increased IL-12 and IL-6 production. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that the extent of TNFAIP3 expression in DCs controls T2/T17 cell differentiation. This implies that reducing DC activation could be a new pharmacologic intervention to treat patients with severe asthma who present with T17-mediated neutrophilic inflammation.