Department of Food Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan.
Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
J Food Drug Anal. 2017 Jan;25(1):162-175. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.10.024. Epub 2016 Dec 7.
Kumquat and calamondin are two small-size citrus fruits. Owing to their health benefits, they are traditionally used as folk medicine in Asian countries. However, the research on flavonoids and biological activities of kumquat and calamondin have received less attention. This review summarizes the reported quantitative and qualitative data of phenolic compositions in these two fruits. Effects of maturity, harvest time, various solvent extractions and heat treatment of phenolic compositions, and bioactivities were discussed; distributions of the forms of phenolic compounds existing in kumquat and calamondin were also summarized. Furthermore, biological activities, including antioxidant, antityrosinase, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antimetabolic disorder effects, have also been discussed. Effective phenolic components were proposed for a certain bioactivity. It was found that C-glycoside flavonoids are dominant phenolic compounds in kumquat and calamondin, unlike in other citrus fruits. Up to now, biological activities and chemical characteristics of C-glycoside flavonoids in kumquat and calamondin are largely unknown.
金桔和莱蒙汀是两种小型柑橘类水果。由于它们具有保健作用，在亚洲国家传统上被用作民间药物。然而，金桔和莱蒙汀中类黄酮和生物活性的研究受到的关注较少。本文综述了这两种水果中酚类成分的报道定量和定性数据。讨论了成熟度、收获时间、各种溶剂提取和热处理对酚类成分的影响，以及生物活性；还总结了金桔和莱蒙汀中存在的酚类化合物形式的分布。此外，还讨论了包括抗氧化、抗酪氨酸酶、抗菌、抗肿瘤和抗代谢紊乱作用在内的生物活性。针对某一特定生物活性，提出了有效的酚类成分。研究发现，金桔和莱蒙汀中以 C-糖苷类黄酮为主要酚类化合物，与其他柑橘类水果不同。到目前为止，金桔和莱蒙汀中 C-糖苷类黄酮的生物活性和化学特性在很大程度上尚不清楚。
