Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China; School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
J Adolesc Health. 2017 Oct;61(4S):S48-S54. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.07.005.
Little is known about how gender norms regulate adolescents' lives across different cultural settings. This study aims to illustrate what is considered as violating gender norms for boys and girls in four urban poor sites as well as the consequences that follow the challenging of gender norms.
Data were collected as part of the Global Early Adolescent Study, a 15-country collaboration to explore gender norms and health in early adolescence. The current study analyzed narrative and in-depth interviews conducted in urban poor sites in two middle-income (Shanghai, China; and New Delhi, India) and two high-income countries (Baltimore, U.S.; and Ghent, Belgium). A total of 238 participants, 59 boys and 70 girls aged 11-13 years old and 109 of their parents/guardians (28 male adults and 81 female adults), were interviewed. A thematic analysis was conducted across sites using Atlas.Ti 7.5 software.
Findings revealed that although most perceptions and expressions about gender were regulated by stereotypical norms, there was a growing acceptability for girls to wear boyish clothes and engage in stereotypical masculine activities such as playing soccer/football. However, there was no comparable acceptance of boys engaging in traditional feminine behaviors. Across all sites, challenging gender norms was often found to lead to verbal, physical, and/or psychological retribution.
While it is sometimes acceptable for young adolescents to cross gender boundaries, once it becomes clear that a behavior is socially defined as typical for the other sex, and the adolescent will face more resistance. Researchers, programmers, and clinicians working in the field of adolescent health need not only attend to those who are facing the consequences of challenging prevailing gender norms, but also to address the environment that fosters exclusion and underscores differences.
关于性别规范如何在不同文化背景下调节青少年的生活，人们知之甚少。本研究旨在说明在四个城市贫困地区，男孩和女孩被认为违反性别规范的行为，以及挑战性别规范所带来的后果。
本研究的数据是作为全球青少年早期研究的一部分收集的，这是一个 15 个国家的合作研究，旨在探索青少年早期的性别规范和健康问题。本研究分析了在两个中等收入国家（中国上海和印度新德里）和两个高收入国家（美国巴尔的摩和比利时根特）的城市贫困地区进行的叙事和深入访谈。共有 238 名参与者，包括 59 名 11-13 岁的男孩和 70 名女孩，以及他们的 109 名父母/监护人（28 名男性成年人和 81 名女性成年人）接受了采访。使用 Atlas.Ti 7.5 软件在各个地点进行了主题分析。
研究结果表明，尽管大多数关于性别观念和表达都受到刻板规范的调节，但越来越多的人接受女孩穿男孩的衣服和从事传统男性活动，如踢足球。然而，男孩从事传统女性行为却没有得到类似的认可。在所有地点，挑战性别规范往往会导致言语、身体和/或心理上的报复。
虽然青少年有时可以跨越性别界限，但一旦某种行为被社会定义为另一种性别特有的行为，他们就会面临更多的阻力。在青少年健康领域工作的研究人员、规划人员和临床医生不仅需要关注那些面临挑战主流性别规范后果的人，还需要关注那些助长排斥和强调差异的环境。
