Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
Tyréns AB , Västra Norrlandsgatan 10B, 903 27 Umeå, Sweden.
Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Nov 7;51(21):12602-12610. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02926. Epub 2017 Oct 19.
Fire training facilities and other areas suffer from serious per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination in soil, surface water, and groundwater due to regular practices with PFAS-containing aqueous firefighting foams (AFFFs). Therefore, the uptake of 26 PFASs in plants and the contamination of soil and groundwater has been investigated at a fire training site at Stockholm Arlanda airport, Stockholm (Sweden) in 2016. Elevated ∑PFAS levels were detected in soil and groundwater ranging from 16 to 160 ng g dry weight (dw) and 1200-34 000 ng L, respectively. Samples from different plant species and tissues (i.e., roots, trunk/cores, twigs, leaves/needles) of the local plant community were taken, namely silver birch (Betula pendula), Norway spruce (Picea abies), bird cherry (Prunus padus), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria), long beechfern (Phegopteris connectilis), and wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca). The plants showed a high variability of concentrations with highest ∑PFAS concentrations in vegetative compartments with up to 97 ng g wet weight (ww) and 94 ng g ww in birch leaves and spruce needles, respectively. Annual ground cover plants such as long beechfern and ground elder, and bushes like bird cherry showed concentrations up to 6.9, 23, and 21 ng g ww, respectively. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs; plant/soil ratios) were highest in foliage, while the total tree burden of ∑PFASs per tree was up to 11 mg for birch and 1.8 mg for spruce. Considering a shelterwood system with mixed stands of silver birch and spruce in combination with regular harvest of leaves and birch sap and an understory of ground elder, it is potentially feasible to remove 1.4 g of ∑PFASs per year and hectare from (heavily) contaminated sites. An alternative approach is the coppicing of birch trees in combination with an understory of ground elder, potentially removing 0.65 g yr ha of ∑PFASs, while a simple meadow with ground elder can remove 0.55 g yr ha ∑PFASs.
在斯德哥尔摩阿兰达机场（瑞典斯德哥尔摩）的一个消防训练场地，由于定期使用含有全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的水成膜泡沫灭火剂（AFFF），消防训练设施和其他区域的土壤、地表水和地下水中的 PFAS 严重污染。因此，2016 年对该场地的 26 种 PFAS 在植物中的摄取以及土壤和地下水的污染情况进行了研究。土壤和地下水中的∑PFAS 水平分别检测到 16 至 160ng/g 干重（dw）和 1200-34000ng/L。从当地植物群落的不同植物物种和组织（即根、树干/芯、嫩枝、叶/针）中采集了样本，包括银桦（Betula pendula）、挪威云杉（Picea abies）、欧洲甜樱桃（Prunus padus）、花楸（Sorbus aucuparia）、水芹（Aegopodium podagraria）、长叶铁线蕨（Phegopteris connectilis）和野草莓（Fragaria vesca）。这些植物的浓度差异很大，其中营养器官中的∑PFAS 浓度最高，桦树叶和云杉针叶中的浓度分别高达 97ng/g 湿重（ww）和 94ng/g ww。长叶铁线蕨和水芹等一年生地被植物以及欧洲甜樱桃等灌木的浓度分别高达 6.9、23 和 21ng/g ww。生物浓缩因子（BCF；植物/土壤比）在叶片中最高，每棵树中∑PFAS 的总树负荷量，桦树最高可达 11mg，云杉最高可达 1.8mg。考虑到在混合种植银桦和云杉的疏林系统中，定期收获树叶和桦树汁，并种植水芹等林下植被，从（重度）污染场地每年每公顷去除 1.4g 的∑PFASs 是有可能的。另一种方法是采伐桦树，并结合水芹作为林下植被，每年每公顷可去除∑PFASs 0.65g，而简单的水芹草地每年每公顷可去除∑PFASs 0.55g。
