Wu Ting, Li Xiaoping, Yang Tao, Sun Xuemeng, Mielke Howard W, Cai Yue, Ai Yuwei, Zhao Yanan, Liu Dongying, Zhang Xu, Li Xiaoyun, Wang Lijun, Yu Hongtao
Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
SNNU-JSU Joint Research Centre for Nanoenvironment Science and Health, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Oct 2;14(10):1168. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14101168.
The purpose of this study was to identify the concentration of multi-elements (MEs) in source water (surface and drinking water) and assess their quality for sustainability. A total of 161 water samples including 88 tap drinking waters (DW) and 73 surface waters (SW) were collected from five cities in Xi'an, Yan'an, Xining, Lanzhou, and Urumqi in northwestern China. Eighteen parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC) total nitrogen (TN), chemical compositions of anions (F, Cl, NO₃,HCO₃, SO₄), cations (NH₄⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca,Mg), and metals (lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu)) were analyzed in the first time at the five cities . The results showed that pH values and concentrations of Cl, SO₄, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca, Mg and Cd, Cr, Cu in DW were within the permissible limits of the Chinese Drinking Water Quality Criteria, whereas the concentrations of other ions (F, NO₃, NH₄⁺ and Pb) exceeded their permissible values. In terms of the SW, the concentrations of F, Cl, NO₃, SO₄ were over the third range threshold i.e., water suitable for fishing and swimming of the Surface Water Quality Standards in China. The spatial distributions of most MEs in source water are similar, and there was no clear variation for all ions and metals. The metals in DW may be caused by water pipes, faucets and their fittings. The noncarcinogenic risk of metals in DW for local children are in decreasing order Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu. The carcinogenic risk from Cr exposure was at the acceptable level according to threshold of USEPA. Although the comprehensive index of potential ecological assessment of Cr, Cd, Pb and Cu in SW ranked at low risk level and was in the order of Huang River in Xining > Peaceful Canal in Urumqi > Yan River in Yan'an > Yellow River in Lanzhou, their adverse effects to ecology and human health at a low concentration in local semi-arid and arid areas should not be ignored in the long run.
本研究旨在确定水源水（地表水和饮用水）中多种元素（MEs）的浓度，并评估其可持续利用的水质。从中国西北部的西安、延安、西宁、兰州和乌鲁木齐五个城市共采集了161个水样，其中包括88个自来水样（DW）和73个地表水样（SW）。首次对这五个城市的18个参数进行了分析，包括pH值、电导率（EC）、总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、阴离子（F、Cl、NO₃、HCO₃、SO₄）、阳离子（NH₄⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca、Mg）和金属（铅（Pb）、铬（Cr）、镉（Cd）、铜（Cu））的化学成分。结果表明，自来水样中的pH值以及Cl、SO₄、Na⁺、K⁺、Ca、Mg和Cd、Cr、Cu的浓度均在中国《生活饮用水水质标准》的允许范围内，而其他离子（F、NO₃、NH₄⁺和Pb）的浓度超过了其允许值。就地表水而言，F、Cl、NO₃、SO₄的浓度超过了中国《地表水环境质量标准》中第三类标准限值，即适用于渔业和游泳的水质标准。水源水中大多数多种元素的空间分布相似，所有离子和金属均无明显变化。自来水中的金属可能由水管、水龙头及其配件造成。当地儿童自来水中金属的非致癌风险由高到低依次为Cr＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu。根据美国环境保护局的阈值，Cr暴露的致癌风险处于可接受水平。虽然西宁黄河、乌鲁木齐和平渠、延安延河、兰州黄河中Cr、Cd、Pb和Cu的潜在生态风险综合指数均处于低风险水平，且排序为西宁黄河＞乌鲁木齐和平渠＞延安延河＞兰州黄河，但从长远来看，它们在当地半干旱和干旱地区低浓度下对生态和人类健康的不利影响不容忽视。
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