Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3800; email:
W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; email:
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2017 Oct 6;33:577-599. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718.
Both sex (i.e., biological differences) and gender (i.e., social or cultural influences) impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children, young adults, and aged individuals, males and females differ in vaccine-induced immune responses, adverse events, and protection. Although males are more likely to receive vaccines, following vaccination, females typically develop higher antibody responses and report more adverse effects of vaccination than do males. Human, nonhuman animal, and in vitro studies reveal numerous immunological, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that differ between males and females and contribute to sex- and gender-specific vaccine responses and outcomes. Herein, we address the impact of sex and gender variables that should be considered in preclinical and clinical studies of vaccines.
性别（即生物差异）和性别认同（即社会或文化影响）都会影响疫苗的接受程度、反应和效果。临床数据表明，在儿童、青年和老年人中，男性和女性在疫苗引起的免疫反应、不良反应和保护方面存在差异。尽管男性更有可能接种疫苗，但接种后，女性通常比男性产生更高的抗体反应，并报告更多的疫苗不良反应。人类、非人类动物和体外研究揭示了许多免疫、遗传、激素和环境因素在男性和女性之间存在差异，并导致了性别特异性疫苗反应和结果。在此，我们讨论了在疫苗的临床前和临床研究中应考虑的性别和性别变量的影响。
