Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
Semin Immunopathol. 2017 Nov;39(6):669-675. doi: 10.1007/s00281-017-0652-y. Epub 2017 Oct 16.
There is substantial epidemiological and mechanistic evidence that the increase in allergic disease and asthma in many parts of the world in part relates to changes in microbial exposures and diet acting via the composition and metabolic products of the intestinal microbiome. The majority of research in this field has focused on the gut microbiome during infancy, but it is increasingly clear that the maternal microbiome during pregnancy also has a key role in preventing an allergy-prone immune phenotype in the offspring. The mechanisms by which the maternal microbiome influences the developing fetal immune system include alignment between the maternal and infant regulatory immune status and transplacental passage of microbial metabolites and IgG. Interplay between microbial stimulatory factors such as lipopolysaccharides and regulatory factors such as short-chain fatty acids may also influence on fetal immune development. However, our understanding of these pathways is at an early stage and further mechanistic studies are needed. There are also no data from human studies relating the composition and metabolic activity of the maternal microbiome during pregnancy to the offspring's immune status at birth and risk of allergic disease. Improved knowledge of these pathways may inform novel strategies for tackling the increase in allergic disorders in the modern world.
有大量的流行病学和机制证据表明，世界上许多地区过敏疾病和哮喘的增加部分与微生物暴露和饮食的变化有关，这些变化通过肠道微生物组的组成和代谢产物发挥作用。该领域的大多数研究都集中在婴儿期的肠道微生物组上，但越来越明显的是，妊娠期间的母体微生物组在防止后代出现过敏易感性免疫表型方面也起着关键作用。母体微生物组影响发育中胎儿免疫系统的机制包括母体和婴儿调节性免疫状态的一致性以及微生物代谢产物和 IgG 的胎盘传递。微生物刺激因子（如脂多糖）和调节因子（如短链脂肪酸）之间的相互作用也可能影响胎儿免疫发育。然而，我们对这些途径的理解还处于早期阶段，需要进一步的机制研究。此外，还没有来自人类研究的数据将妊娠期间母体微生物组的组成和代谢活性与后代出生时的免疫状态和过敏疾病风险联系起来。更好地了解这些途径可能为应对现代世界过敏疾病的增加提供新的策略。
