Dera Norbert, Kosińska-Kaczyńska Katarzyna, Żeber-Lubecka Natalia, Brawura-Biskupski-Samaha Robert, Massalska Diana, Szymusik Iwona, Dera Kacper, Ciebiera Michał
Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland.
Warsaw Institute of Women's Health, 00-189 Warsaw, Poland.
Biomedicines. 2025 Jan 7;13(1):121. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13010121.
The shaping of the human intestinal microbiota starts during the intrauterine period and continues through the subsequent stages of extrauterine life. The microbiota plays a significant role in the predisposition and development of immune diseases, as well as various inflammatory processes. Importantly, the proper colonization of the fetal digestive system is influenced by maternal microbiota, the method of pregnancy completion and the further formation of the microbiota. In the subsequent stages of a child's life, breastfeeding, diet and the use of antibiotics influence the state of eubiosis, which determines proper growth and development from the neonatal period to adulthood. The literature data suggest that there is evidence to confirm that the intestinal microbiota of the infant plays an important role in regulating the immune response associated with the development of allergic diseases. However, the identification of specific bacterial species in relation to specific types of reactions in allergic diseases is the basic problem. : The main aim of the review was to demonstrate the influence of the microbiota of the mother, fetus and newborn on the functioning of the immune system in the context of allergies and asthma. : We reviewed and thoroughly analyzed the content of over 1000 articles and abstracts between the beginning of June and the end of August 2024. Over 150 articles were selected for the detailed study. : The selection was based on the PubMed National Library of Medicine search engine, using selected keywords: "the impact of intestinal microbiota on the development of immune diseases and asthma", "intestinal microbiota and allergic diseases", "the impact of intrauterine microbiota on the development of asthma", "intrauterine microbiota and immune diseases", "intrauterine microbiota and atopic dermatitis", "intrauterine microbiota and food allergies", "maternal microbiota", "fetal microbiota" and "neonatal microbiota". The above relationships constituted the main criteria for including articles in the analysis. : In the present review, we showed a relationship between the proper maternal microbiota and the normal functioning of the fetal and neonatal immune system. The state of eubiosis with an adequate amount and diversity of microbiota is essential in preventing the development of immune and allergic diseases. The way the microbiota is shaped, resulting from the health-promoting behavior of pregnant women, the rational conduct of the medical staff and the proper performance of the diagnostic and therapeutic process, is necessary to maintain the health of the mother and the child. Therefore, an appropriate lifestyle, rational antibiotic therapy as well as the way of completing the pregnancy are indispensable in the prevention of the above conditions. At the same time, considering the intestinal microbiota of the newborn in relation to the genera and phyla of bacteria that have a potentially protective effect, it is worth noting that the use of suitable probiotics and prebiotics seems to contribute to the protective effect.
人类肠道微生物群的形成始于子宫内时期，并在宫外生活的后续阶段持续进行。微生物群在免疫疾病的易感性和发展以及各种炎症过程中发挥着重要作用。重要的是，胎儿消化系统的正常定植受母体微生物群、妊娠完成方式以及微生物群的进一步形成的影响。在儿童生命的后续阶段，母乳喂养、饮食和抗生素的使用会影响微生态平衡状态，而微生态平衡决定了从新生儿期到成年期的正常生长发育。文献数据表明，有证据证实婴儿的肠道微生物群在调节与过敏性疾病发展相关的免疫反应中起重要作用。然而，确定与过敏性疾病中特定类型反应相关的特定细菌种类是一个基本问题。本综述的主要目的是在过敏和哮喘的背景下，展示母亲、胎儿和新生儿的微生物群对免疫系统功能的影响。我们查阅并深入分析了2024年6月初至8月底期间1000多篇文章和摘要的内容。挑选了150多篇文章进行详细研究。选择基于美国国立医学图书馆的PubMed搜索引擎，使用选定的关键词：“肠道微生物群对免疫疾病和哮喘发展的影响”、“肠道微生物群与过敏性疾病”、“子宫内微生物群对哮喘发展的影响”、“子宫内微生物群与免疫疾病”、“子宫内微生物群与特应性皮炎”、“子宫内微生物群与食物过敏”、“母体微生物群”、“胎儿微生物群”和“新生儿微生物群”。上述关系构成了将文章纳入分析的主要标准。在本综述中，我们展示了母体微生物群正常与胎儿和新生儿免疫系统正常功能之间的关系。具有足够数量和多样性的微生物群的微生态平衡状态对于预防免疫和过敏性疾病的发展至关重要。孕妇的健康促进行为、医护人员的合理操作以及诊断和治疗过程的正确执行所导致的微生物群形成方式，对于维持母婴健康是必要的。因此，适当的生活方式、合理的抗生素治疗以及妊娠完成方式对于预防上述疾病是不可或缺的。同时，考虑到新生儿肠道微生物群与具有潜在保护作用的细菌属和门的关系，值得注意的是，使用合适的益生菌和益生元似乎有助于产生保护作用。
