Songane Mario
McGill Life Sciences Complex, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, H3G 0B1, Canada.
Int J Health Econ Manag. 2018 Jun;18(2):197-219. doi: 10.1007/s10754-017-9229-5. Epub 2017 Oct 19.
Vaccines are very effective in providing individual and community (herd) immunity against a range of diseases. In addition to protection against a range of diseases, vaccines also have social and economic benefits. However, for vaccines to be effective, routine immunization programmes must be undertaken regularly to ensure individual and community protection. Nonetheless, in many countries in Africa, vaccination coverage is low because governments struggle to deliver vaccines to the most remote areas, thus contributing to constant outbreaks of various vaccine-preventable diseases. African governments fail to deliver vaccines to a significant percentage of the target population due to many issues in key areas such as policy setting, programme management and financing, supply chain, global vaccine market, research and development of vaccines. This review gives an overview of the causes of these issues and what is currently being done to address them. This review will discuss the role of philanthropic organisations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and global partnerships such as the global alliance for vaccines and immunizations in the development, purchase and delivery of vaccines.
疫苗在为个体和社区（群体）提供针对一系列疾病的免疫力方面非常有效。除了预防一系列疾病外，疫苗还具有社会和经济效益。然而，要使疫苗发挥作用，必须定期开展常规免疫计划，以确保个体和社区得到保护。尽管如此，在非洲的许多国家，疫苗接种覆盖率很低，因为政府难以将疫苗送到最偏远的地区，从而导致各种疫苗可预防疾病不断爆发。由于政策制定、项目管理与融资、供应链、全球疫苗市场、疫苗研发等关键领域存在诸多问题，非洲各国政府未能为相当大比例的目标人群提供疫苗。本综述概述了这些问题的成因以及目前为解决这些问题所采取的措施。本综述将讨论诸如比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会等慈善组织以及疫苗和免疫全球联盟等全球伙伴关系在疫苗研发、采购和交付方面所起的作用。
