Panjwani Naaila, Chaplin Tara M, Sinha Rajita, Mayes Linda C
Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Department of Psychology, George Mason University.
J Nonverbal Behav. 2016 Jun;40(2):117-132. doi: 10.1007/s10919-015-0224-6. Epub 2015 Dec 21.
Gender roles in mainstream U.S. culture suggest that girls express more happiness, sadness, anxiety, and shame/embarrassment than boys, while boys express more anger and externalizing emotions, such as contempt. However, gender roles and emotion expression may be different in low-income and ethnically diverse families, as children and parents are often faced with greater environmental stressors and may have different gender expectations. This study examined gender differences in emotion expression in low-income adolescents, an understudied population. One hundred and seventy nine adolescents (aged 14-17) participated in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Trained coders rated adolescents' expressions of happiness, sadness, anxiety, shame/embarrassment, anger, and contempt during the TSST using a micro-analytic coding system. Analyses showed that, consistent with gender roles, girls expressed higher levels of happiness and shame than boys; however, contrary to traditional gender roles, girls showed higher levels of contempt than boys. Also, in contrast to cultural stereotypes, there were no differences in anger between boys and girls. Findings suggest gender-role inconsistent displays of externalizing emotions in low-income adolescents under acute stress, and may reflect different emotion socialization experiences in this group.
美国主流文化中的性别角色表明，女孩比男孩表现出更多的快乐、悲伤、焦虑和羞耻/尴尬，而男孩则表现出更多的愤怒和外化情绪，如轻蔑。然而，在低收入和种族多样化的家庭中，性别角色和情绪表达可能会有所不同，因为孩子和父母经常面临更大的环境压力，并且可能有不同的性别期望。本研究调查了低收入青少年（一个研究较少的群体）在情绪表达上的性别差异。179名青少年（年龄在14至17岁之间）参与了特里尔社会应激测试（TSST）。训练有素的编码员使用微观分析编码系统对青少年在TSST期间的快乐、悲伤、焦虑、羞耻/尴尬、愤怒和轻蔑表达进行评分。分析表明，与性别角色一致，女孩比男孩表现出更高水平的快乐和羞耻；然而，与传统性别角色相反，女孩比男孩表现出更高水平的轻蔑。此外，与文化刻板印象相反，男孩和女孩在愤怒方面没有差异。研究结果表明，在急性压力下，低收入青少年存在与性别角色不一致的外化情绪表现，这可能反映了该群体不同的情绪社会化经历。
