Bruce Richard M
Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Adv Physiol Educ. 2017 Dec 1;41(4):539-547. doi: 10.1152/advan.00086.2017.
Learning the basic competencies of critical thinking are very important in the education of any young scientist, and teachers must be prepared to help students develop a valuable set of analytic tools. In my experience, this is best achieved by encouraging students to study areas with little scientific consensus, such as the control mechanisms of the exercise ventilatory response, as it can allow greater objectivity when evaluating evidence, while also giving students the freedom to think independently and problem solve. In this article, I discuss teaching strategies by which physiology, biomedical science, and sport science students can simultaneously develop their understanding of respiratory control mechanisms and learn to critically analyze evidence thoroughly. This can be best achieved by utilizing both teacher-led and student-led learning environments, the latter of which encourages the development of learner autonomy and independent problem solving. In this article, I also aim to demonstrate a systematic approach of critical assessment that students can be taught, adapt, and apply independently. Among other things, this strategy involves: ) defining the precise phenomenon in question; ) understanding what investigations must demonstrate to explain the phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms; ) evaluating the explanations/mechanisms of the phenomenon and the evidence for them; and ) forming strategies to produce strong evidence, if none exists.
学习批判性思维的基本能力对任何年轻科学家的教育都非常重要，教师必须做好准备，帮助学生开发一套有价值的分析工具。以我的经验，最好的方法是鼓励学生研究科学共识较少的领域，比如运动通气反应的控制机制，因为这在评估证据时能带来更高的客观性，同时也能让学生有独立思考和解决问题的自由。在本文中，我将讨论一些教学策略，通过这些策略，生理学、生物医学科学和运动科学专业的学生可以在深入理解呼吸控制机制的同时，学会全面地批判性分析证据。这可以通过利用教师主导和学生主导的学习环境来最好地实现，后者有助于培养学习者的自主性和独立解决问题的能力。在本文中，我还旨在展示一种学生可以学习、调整并独立应用的系统批判性评估方法。该策略包括：（1）明确所讨论的确切现象；（2）理解哪些研究必须证明才能解释该现象及其潜在机制；（3）评估该现象的解释/机制以及支持它们的证据；（4）如果没有现有证据，制定产生有力证据的策略。
