Goldbeter Albert
Unité de Chronobiologie théorique, Service de Chimie physique et Biologie théorique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine, CP 231, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Chaos. 2017 Oct;27(10):104612. doi: 10.1063/1.4990783.
Sustained oscillations abound in biological systems. They occur at all levels of biological organization over a wide range of periods, from a fraction of a second to years, and with a variety of underlying mechanisms. They control major physiological functions, and their dysfunction is associated with a variety of physiological disorders. The goal of this review is (i) to give an overview of the main rhythms observed at the cellular and supracellular levels, (ii) to briefly describe how the study of biological rhythms unfolded in the course of time, in parallel with studies on chemical oscillations, (iii) to present the major roles of biological rhythms in the control of physiological functions, and (iv) the pathologies associated with the alteration, disappearance, or spurious occurrence of biological rhythms. Two tables present the main examples of cellular and supracellular rhythms ordered according to their period, and their role in physiology and pathophysiology. Among the rhythms discussed are neural and cardiac rhythms, metabolic oscillations such as those occurring in glycolysis in yeast, intracellular Ca oscillations, cyclic AMP oscillations in Dictyostelium amoebae, the segmentation clock that controls somitogenesis, pulsatile hormone secretion, circadian rhythms which occur in all eukaryotes and some bacteria with a period close to 24 h, the oscillatory dynamics of the enzymatic network driving the cell cycle, and oscillations in transcription factors such as NF-ΚB and tumor suppressors such as p53. Ilya Prigogine's concept of dissipative structures applies to temporal oscillations and allows us to unify within a common framework the various rhythms observed at different levels of biological organization, regardless of their period and underlying mechanism.
持续振荡在生物系统中普遍存在。它们出现在生物组织的各个层面，周期范围广泛，从几分之一秒到数年不等，且具有多种潜在机制。它们控制着主要的生理功能，其功能失调与多种生理紊乱相关。本综述的目的是：（i）概述在细胞和细胞以上水平观察到的主要节律；（ii）简要描述生物节律的研究如何随着时间的推移与化学振荡的研究并行展开；（iii）阐述生物节律在控制生理功能中的主要作用；（iv）介绍与生物节律改变、消失或异常出现相关的病理学。两张表格列出了按周期排序的细胞和细胞以上节律的主要例子，以及它们在生理学和病理生理学中的作用。所讨论的节律包括神经和心脏节律、代谢振荡（如酵母糖酵解中发生的那些）、细胞内钙振荡、盘基网柄菌变形虫中的环磷酸腺苷振荡、控制体节发生的体节时钟、脉冲式激素分泌、在所有真核生物和一些细菌中出现的昼夜节律（周期接近24小时）、驱动细胞周期的酶网络的振荡动力学，以及转录因子（如NF-ΚB）和肿瘤抑制因子（如p53）的振荡。伊利亚·普里戈金的耗散结构概念适用于时间振荡，使我们能够在一个共同的框架内统一在生物组织不同层面观察到的各种节律，而不论其周期和潜在机制如何。
