School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1000:281-322. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_16.
Exercise training elicits acute and adaptive long term changes in human physiology that mediate the improvement of performance and health state. The responses are integrative and orchestrated by several mechanisms, as gene expression. Gene expression is essential to construct the adaptation of the biological system to exercise training, since there are molecular processes mediating oxidative and non-oxidative metabolism, angiogenesis, cardiac and skeletal myofiber hypertrophy, and other processes that leads to a greater physiological status. Epigenetic is the field that studies about gene expression changes heritable by meiosis and mitosis, by changes in chromatin and DNA conformation, but not in DNA sequence, that studies the regulation on gene expression that is independent of genotype. The field approaches mechanisms of DNA and chromatin conformational changes that inhibit or increase gene expression and determine tissue specific pattern. The three major studied epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation, Histone modification, and regulation of noncoding RNA-associated genes. This review elucidates these mechanisms, focusing on the relationship between them and their relationship with exercise training, physical performance and the enhancement of health status. On this chapter, we clarified the relationship of epigenetic modulations and their intimal relationship with acute and chronic effect of exercise training, concentrating our effort on skeletal muscle, heart and vascular responses, that are the most responsive systems against to exercise training and play crucial role on physical performance and improvement of health state.
运动训练会引起人体生理的急性和适应性长期变化，从而改善运动表现和健康状态。这些反应是综合的，并通过几种机制来协调，如基因表达。基因表达对于构建生物系统对运动训练的适应性至关重要，因为有一些分子过程介导氧化和非氧化代谢、血管生成、心脏和骨骼肌纤维肥大等过程，从而导致更高的生理状态。表观遗传学是研究通过减数分裂和有丝分裂、染色质和 DNA 构象变化而遗传的基因表达变化的领域，但不涉及 DNA 序列，研究基因表达的调节是独立于基因型的。该领域研究 DNA 和染色质构象变化的机制，这些变化抑制或增加基因表达，并决定组织特异性模式。研究最多的三种表观遗传机制是 DNA 甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码 RNA 相关基因的调控。本综述阐述了这些机制，重点讨论了它们之间的关系及其与运动训练、身体表现和健康状态改善的关系。在这一章中，我们阐明了表观遗传调控与运动训练的急性和慢性效应之间的关系，我们集中精力研究骨骼肌、心脏和血管的反应，这些系统对运动训练最敏感，对身体表现和健康状态的改善起着至关重要的作用。
