Schmidt Victor, Gomez-Chiarri Marta, Roy Chelsea, Smith Katherine, Amaral-Zettler Linda
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Marine Biological Laboratory, Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
mSystems. 2017 Nov 7;2(6). doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00133-17. eCollection 2017 Nov-Dec.
Prophylactic antibiotics in the aquaculture and ornamental fish industry are intended to prevent the negative impacts of disease outbreaks. Research in mice and humans suggests that antibiotics may disturb microbiome communities and decrease microbiome-mediated disease resistance, also known as "colonization resistance." If antibiotics impact fish as they do mice and humans, prophylactic administrations on aquaculture farms may increase downstream disease susceptibility in target hosts, despite short-term pathogen control benefits. We tested the effects of antibiotics on mortality after a pathogen challenge in the black molly and subsequently tested if probiotic inoculations could reverse any antibiotic-induced losses of disease resistance. We found that antibiotic treatment significantly increased fish mortality. We further found that our two candidate probiotic bacterial species, S4Sm and RI06-95Sm, were able to colonize black molly microbiomes and reverse the negative impacts of antibiotics. Despite the positive impact on survival, probiotic treatment did not influence overall microbiome community structure or diversity. Our results suggest that subtle manipulations of microbiome composition can have dramatic impacts on host phenotype. The results of this study have implications for how antibiotic-treated microbiomes can be restored and suggest that small-scale additions may be as effective as wholesale transplants. Prophylactic antibiotics are widespread in the aquaculture industry and are used where vaccination is impossible or overly expensive. If antibiotics impact fish as they do mice and humans, prophylactic administrations in aquaculture and ornamental fish farms may increase downstream disease susceptibility in target hosts, despite short-term pathogen control benefits. Recent research has suggested that their use exacerbates bacterial outbreaks by creating sterile, nutrient-rich environments for invading pathogens to colonize and could help to explain rising economic costs of bacterial outbreaks in aquaculture. Our findings suggest a long-term cost of prophylactic antibiotic use and demonstrate a probiotic-based solution that does not rely on full microbiome community transplantation.
水产养殖和观赏鱼行业中使用预防性抗生素旨在预防疾病爆发带来的负面影响。对小鼠和人类的研究表明，抗生素可能会扰乱微生物群落，并降低微生物介导的疾病抵抗力，即所谓的“定植抗性”。如果抗生素对鱼类的影响与对小鼠和人类的影响相同，那么尽管在短期内对病原体有控制作用，但水产养殖场的预防性给药可能会增加目标宿主下游的疾病易感性。我们测试了抗生素对黑摩利鱼在病原体攻击后的死亡率的影响，随后测试了益生菌接种是否可以逆转抗生素引起的任何抗病性损失。我们发现抗生素处理显著增加了鱼类死亡率。我们进一步发现，我们的两种候选益生菌菌株S4Sm和RI06 - 95Sm能够定殖于黑摩利鱼的微生物群落中，并逆转抗生素的负面影响。尽管对存活率有积极影响，但益生菌处理并未影响整体微生物群落结构或多样性。我们的结果表明，对微生物群落组成的细微操纵可能会对宿主表型产生巨大影响。这项研究的结果对于如何恢复经抗生素处理的微生物群落具有启示意义，并表明小规模添加可能与大规模移植一样有效。预防性抗生素在水产养殖行业中广泛使用，并且在无法进行疫苗接种或疫苗接种成本过高的情况下使用。如果抗生素对鱼类的影响与对小鼠和人类的影响相同，那么尽管在短期内对病原体有控制作用，但水产养殖和观赏鱼养殖场的预防性给药可能会增加目标宿主下游的疾病易感性。最近的研究表明，它们的使用通过为入侵病原体创造无菌、营养丰富的环境来加剧细菌爆发，这有助于解释水产养殖中细菌爆发导致的经济成本上升。我们的研究结果表明了预防性使用抗生素的长期成本，并证明了一种不依赖于完整微生物群落移植的基于益生菌的解决方案。
