Kruk Magdalena, Blecharz Jan, Boberska Monika, Zarychta Karolina, Luszczynska Aleksandra
Wroclaw Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland.
University of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland.
J Hum Kinet. 2017 Oct 20;59:79-90. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0149. eCollection 2017 Oct.
This study investigated the changes in mental strategies across the season and their effects on performance and satisfaction with individual performance. Data were collected three times: at the pre-season at Time 1 (T1; baseline), in the mid-season at Time 2 (T2; two-month follow-up), and at the end-of-season at Time 3 (T3; nine-month follow-up) among male soccer players (N = 97) aged 16-27. Athletes completed the questionnaires assessing the use of nine psychological strategies in competition and the level of satisfaction with individual performance. Endurance performance was measured objectively with a 300 m run. A high level of relaxation (T1) explained better 300 m run performance (T3) and a high level of self-talk explained a higher satisfaction with individual performance (T3). A rare use of distractibility and emotional control (T1) predicted a higher level of satisfaction with individual performance (T3). No predictive role of other psychological strategies was found. The use of emotional control, relaxation, and distractibility increased over the season, whereas the use of imagery and negative thinking declined. Besides the roles of self-talk, imagery, relaxation and goal-setting, the effects of distractibility and emotional control should be taken into account when considering athletes' mental training programs.
本研究调查了整个赛季心理策略的变化及其对成绩和个人成绩满意度的影响。在16 - 27岁的男性足球运动员（N = 97）中，于三个时间点收集数据：赛季前的时间1（T1；基线）、赛季中的时间2（T2；两个月随访）以及赛季末的时间3（T3；九个月随访）。运动员完成了评估在比赛中使用九种心理策略以及对个人成绩满意度水平的问卷。通过300米跑客观测量耐力成绩。高水平的放松（T1）能更好地解释300米跑成绩（T3），高水平的自我对话能解释对个人成绩更高的满意度（T3）。较少使用分散注意力和情绪控制策略（T1）预示着对个人成绩更高的满意度（T3）。未发现其他心理策略的预测作用。情绪控制、放松和分散注意力策略的使用在整个赛季有所增加，而表象和消极思维的使用则有所下降。除了自我对话、表象、放松和目标设定的作用外，在考虑运动员的心理训练计划时，还应考虑分散注意力和情绪控制的影响。
