Ambient Aqueous Synthesis of Ultrasmall NiSe Nanoparticles for Noninvasive Photoacoustic Imaging and Combined Photothermal-Chemotherapy of Cancer.

Large-size-induced long-term retention in the body has hampered the translational applications of many reported nanomedicines. Herein, we reported a multifunctional theranostic agent composed of ultrasmall poly(acrylic acid)-functionalized NiSe nanoparticles (PAA-NiSe NPs), which were successfully obtained through a facile ambient aqueous precipitation strategy. Without exhibiting any noticeable toxicity, the as-prepared PAA-NiSe NPs (average diameter of 6.40 ± 1.89 nm) showed considerable absorption in near-infrared (NIR) region and high photothermal conversion efficiency of 54.06%, which could induce remarkable photoacoustic signals for tumor imaging and heat for localized ablation of cancerous cells upon exposure to NIR light. Notably, the ultrasmall PAA-NiSe NPs, unlike conventional nanomaterials with larger sizes, showed reasonable body clearance within 8 h after intravenous injection. Furthermore, ascribed to protonation process of amino groups in DOX molecules and carboxyl groups in PAA molecules in an acidic microenvironment, the drug-loaded (doxorubicin hydrochloride, DOX·HCl) PAA-NiSe NPs (PAA-NiSe-DOX NPs) revealed promoted drug release at acidic pH, which could be useful for acidic tumor microenvironment responsive drug delivery. Evident from the results of cell-killing assay in vitro and tumor treatment study in vivo, PAA-NiSe-DOX NPs exhibited evident synergistic effects on killing 4T1 breast cancer cells. Thus, this study presents a multifunctional theranostic agent composed of ultrasmall PAA-NiSe NPs for potential cancer treatment without long-term toxicity concerns.