Barnes Amber N, Davaasuren Anu, Baasandagva Uyanga, Gray Gregory C
Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2017 Nov 30;12(11):e0188809. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188809. eCollection 2017.
Zoonotic enteric parasites are ubiquitous and remain a public health threat to humans due to our close relationship with domestic animals and wildlife, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and diet. While most communities are now sedentary, nomadic and pastoral populations still exist and experience unique exposure risks for acquiring zoonotic enteric parasites. Through this systematic review we sought to summarize published research regarding pathogens present in nomadic populations and to identify the risk factors for their infection.
Using systematic review guidelines set forth by PRISMA, research articles were identified, screened and summarized based on exclusion criteria for the documented presence of zoonotic enteric parasites within nomadic or pastoral human populations. A total of 54 articles published between 1956 and 2016 were reviewed to determine the pathogens and exposure risks associated with the global transhumance lifestyle.
The included articles reported more than twenty different zoonotic enteric parasite species and illustrated several risk factors for nomadic and pastoralist populations to acquire infection including; a) animal contact, b) food preparation and diet, and c) household characteristics. The most common parasite studied was Echinococcosis spp. and contact with dogs was recognized as a leading risk factor for zoonotic enteric parasites followed by contact with livestock and/or wildlife, water, sanitation, and hygiene barriers, home slaughter of animals, environmental water exposures, household member age and sex, and consumption of unwashed produce or raw, unprocessed, or undercooked milk or meat.
Nomadic and pastoral communities are at risk of infection with a variety of zoonotic enteric parasites due to their living environment, cultural and dietary traditions, and close relationship to animals. Global health efforts aimed at reducing the transmission of these animal-to-human pathogens must incorporate a One Health approach to support water, sanitation, and hygiene development, provide education on safe food handling and preparation, and improve the health of domestic animals associated with these groups, particularly dogs.
人畜共患肠道寄生虫无处不在，由于人类与家畜、野生动物关系密切，水、环境卫生和个人卫生习惯欠佳以及饮食问题，它们仍然对人类的公共卫生构成威胁。虽然现在大多数社区都已定居，但游牧和牧民群体依然存在，他们在感染人畜共患肠道寄生虫方面面临独特的暴露风险。通过本系统综述，我们试图总结已发表的关于游牧人群中存在的病原体的研究，并确定其感染的风险因素。
根据PRISMA制定的系统综述指南，基于游牧或牧民人群中记录有人畜共患肠道寄生虫存在的排除标准，对研究文章进行识别、筛选和总结。共查阅了1956年至2016年间发表的54篇文章，以确定与全球游牧生活方式相关的病原体和暴露风险。
纳入的文章报告了二十多种不同的人畜共患肠道寄生虫物种，并阐明了游牧和牧民群体感染的若干风险因素，包括：a）与动物接触；b）食物制备和饮食；c）家庭特征。研究最多的常见寄生虫是棘球绦虫属，与狗接触被认为是人畜共患肠道寄生虫的主要风险因素，其次是与家畜和/或野生动物接触、水、环境卫生和个人卫生障碍、家庭宰杀动物、环境水暴露、家庭成员年龄和性别，以及食用未清洗的农产品或生的、未加工的或未煮熟的牛奶或肉类。
游牧和牧民社区因其生活环境、文化和饮食传统以及与动物的密切关系，面临感染多种人畜共患肠道寄生虫的风险。旨在减少这些动物传人病原体传播的全球卫生工作必须采用“同一健康”方法，以支持水、环境卫生和个人卫生的发展，提供安全食品处理和制备方面的教育，并改善与这些群体相关的家畜健康，特别是狗的健康。
