Kaasschieter G A, de Jong R, Schiere J B, Zwart D
Department of Tropical Animal Production, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Vet Q. 1992 Apr;14(2):66-75. doi: 10.1080/01652176.1992.9694333.
Livestock and animal health development projects have not always led to substantial increases in animal productivity or in farmers' welfare. Some have even resulted in unsustainable systems, when they were not based on an understanding of (livestock) production systems. The multipurpose functions of livestock and complex relationships between the biological, technical and social components require a systems approach, whereby nutrition, animal health, breeding, biotechnology knowhow, inputs and technologies are used to optimise resource use. The challenge for developed and developing countries is to reverse the current degradation of the environment, and arrive at sustainable increases in crop and livestock production to secure present and future food supplies. For rural development, governments should show long term commitment and political will to support the rural population in development programmes, because smallholders (including women and landless livestock keepers) represent a large labour force in developing countries. Different systems need different approaches. Pastoral systems must focus on effective management of grazing pressure of the rangelands. Communal rangelands management involves not only the development and application of technologies (e.g. feedlots, vaccination campaigns), but also land tenure policies, institutional development, economic return and a reduction in the number of people depending upon livestock. Smallholder mixed farms must aim at intensification of the total production system, in which external inputs are indispensable, but with the emphasis on optimum input-output relationships by reducing resource losses due to poor management. Resource-poor farming systems must aim at the improved management of the various livestock species in backyards and very small farms, and proper packages for cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, rabbits and poultry should be developed. Specialised commercial livestock farming systems (poultry, pigs, dairy or meat) can only be sustainable with adequate marketing, supply of quality feed, veterinary services, labour, management and control of pollution. Animal health programmes play a keyrole in the proposed system approach.
畜牧与动物健康发展项目并非总能大幅提高动物生产力或农民福祉。有些项目甚至导致了不可持续的系统，因为它们并非基于对（畜牧）生产系统的理解。畜牧的多功能性以及生物、技术和社会组成部分之间的复杂关系需要一种系统方法，即利用营养、动物健康、育种、生物技术知识、投入和技术来优化资源利用。发达国家和发展中国家面临的挑战是扭转当前的环境退化局面，实现作物和畜牧生产的可持续增长，以保障当前和未来的粮食供应。对于农村发展，政府应展现长期承诺和政治意愿，在发展项目中支持农村人口，因为小农户（包括妇女和无地畜牧养殖户）在发展中国家占劳动力的很大比例。不同的系统需要不同的方法。牧区系统必须注重有效管理牧场的放牧压力。社区牧场管理不仅涉及技术的开发和应用（如饲养场、疫苗接种运动），还涉及土地保有权政策、机构发展、经济回报以及减少依赖畜牧的人口数量。小农户混合农场必须致力于强化整个生产系统，在这个系统中外部投入不可或缺，但重点是通过减少管理不善导致的资源损失来实现最佳投入产出关系。资源匮乏的养殖系统必须致力于改善后院和超小型农场中各类牲畜的管理，并应制定针对牛、水牛、绵羊、山羊、兔子和家禽的合适套餐。专业化商业畜牧养殖系统（家禽、猪、奶牛或肉类）只有在有充足的市场营销、优质饲料供应、兽医服务、劳动力、管理和污染控制的情况下才能可持续发展。动物健康计划在提议的系统方法中发挥着关键作用。
