Smith Haylie, Perez Marisol, Sladek Michael R, Becker Carolyn Black, Ohrt Tara K, Bruening Amanda B
Psychology Department Arizona State University, 950 South McAllister Avenue Room 237, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104 USA.
Department of Psychology, Trinity University, Center for the Sciences and Innovation room 253, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX 78212 USA.
J Eat Disord. 2017 Nov 22;5:39. doi: 10.1186/s40337-017-0171-1. eCollection 2017.
Body acceptance programs on college campuses indicated that collegiate women often report feeling pressure to dress in a sexualized manner, and use makeup to enhance beauty. Currently, no quantitative measures exist to assess attitudes and daily behaviors that may arise in response to perceived pressure to wear makeup or dress in a provocative manner. The goal of the current studies was to develop brief self-report questionnaires aimed at assessing makeup and sexualized clothing use and attitudes in young women.
An exploratory factor analysis in a sample of 403 undergraduate women was used in Study 1 to create items to measure the pressure women feel to wear makeup and sexualized clothing. A confirmatory factor analysis ( = 153) was used in Study 2 to confirm the factor structure found in Study 1. An incremental validity analysis was also conducted in Study 2. Across both studies, participants completed online questionnaires.
In Study 1, items were developed for two questionnaires to assess perceived pressure to wear makeup and discomfort when not wearing makeup, and perceived pressure to wear sexualized clothing, and body image concerns with regards to sexualized clothing. The exploratory factor analyses revealed Unconfident and Unease scales for the Makeup Questionnaire (MUQ) and Body Dissatisfaction and Pressure scales for the Sexualized Clothing Questionnaire (SCQ). In Study 2, the confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the factor structure for the MUQ and SCQ. The incremental validity analysis revealed that these measures can be used to predict self-objectification and shape and weight concern in women.
These studies provide preliminary support for the factor structure of two novel questionnaires aimed at assessing perceived pressure to wear makeup and sexualized clothing.
大学校园里的身体接纳项目表明，女大学生经常表示感受到以性感方式着装以及使用化妆品来提升美貌的压力。目前，尚无定量方法来评估因感觉到化妆或穿着挑逗性服装的压力而可能产生的态度和日常行为。当前研究的目的是编制简短的自我报告问卷，以评估年轻女性使用化妆品和性感服装的情况及态度。
研究1对403名本科女生样本进行探索性因素分析，以创建测量女性化妆和穿着性感服装所感受到压力的项目。研究2使用验证性因素分析（n = 153）来确认研究1中发现的因素结构。研究2还进行了增量效度分析。在两项研究中，参与者均完成在线问卷。
在研究1中，为两份问卷编制了项目，以评估化妆的感知压力和不化妆时的不适感、穿着性感服装的感知压力以及对性感服装的身体意象担忧。探索性因素分析揭示了化妆问卷（MUQ）的不自信和不安量表以及性感服装问卷（SCQ）的身体不满和压力量表。在研究2中，验证性因素分析确认了MUQ和SCQ的因素结构。增量效度分析表明，这些测量方法可用于预测女性的自我客体化以及对身材和体重的担忧。
这些研究为两份旨在评估化妆和穿着性感服装的感知压力的新问卷的因素结构提供了初步支持。
