Hardwick N, Van Gelder L W, Van der Merwe C A, Van der Merwe M P
Department of Dermatology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Br J Dermatol. 1989 Feb;120(2):229-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb07787.x.
A survey was conducted to investigate the relationship between exogenous ochronosis and the use of skin lightening preparations amongst black individuals attending general outpatient departments in two South African hospitals. In the sample, 15% of males and 42% of females were found to have exogenous ochronosis. The prevalence amongst users of skin lighteners was 69%. The main demographic associations with ochronosis were an inverse relationship to education, and predominance of the female sex. Clinical and behavioural aspects were also recorded. Even products limited to 2% hydroquinone or less, and combined with a sunscreen, were found to cause ochronosis.
在南非两家医院的普通门诊部对黑人个体进行了一项调查，以研究外源性褐黄病与使用皮肤美白制剂之间的关系。在样本中，发现15%的男性和42%的女性患有外源性褐黄病。皮肤美白剂使用者中的患病率为69%。与褐黄病相关的主要人口统计学关联是与教育程度呈反比，且女性占主导地位。还记录了临床和行为方面的情况。结果发现，即使是含2%或更少对苯二酚且配有防晒霜的产品也会导致褐黄病。
