Shoda Y, Mischel W, Wright J C
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989 Jan;56(1):41-53. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.56.1.41.
To examine the effects of the relationships between behavior and the situation in which it occurs, we manipulated such relations and exposed subjects to them. Impressions were similar when based on the behaviors presented with situations unspecified (e.g., child hits) or when the situations in which they naturally occurred were specified (e.g., child hits when provoked). However, when situations were specified, subjects' impressions more accurately predicted individual differences in the children's actual levels of overall aggressive behavior. When the veridical situation-behavior relations were increasingly altered, the targets were perceived as being less plausible and increasingly maladjusted and odd, and correlations decreased between the perceived level of the children's aggressiveness and their actual aggressive behavior. Thus, both personality impressions and predictive accuracy were influenced by the relations between the target's behaviors and their situational contexts.
为了检验行为与其发生情境之间关系的影响，我们对这些关系进行了操控，并让受试者接触这些关系。当基于未明确情境下呈现的行为（例如，孩子打人）形成印象时，或者当明确其自然发生的情境（例如，孩子在被激怒时打人）时，印象是相似的。然而，当情境被明确时，受试者的印象能更准确地预测孩子总体攻击性行为实际水平的个体差异。当真实的情境 - 行为关系被越来越多地改变时，目标被认为越不合理、越适应不良且越古怪，并且孩子攻击性的感知水平与其实际攻击行为之间的相关性降低。因此，人格印象和预测准确性都受到目标行为与其情境背景之间关系的影响。
