Holtgraves T, Srull T K, Socall D
Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989 Feb;56(2):149-60. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.149.
We conducted three experiments to examine the effects of information about a speaker's status on memory for the assertiveness of his or her remarks. Subjects either read (Experiments 1 and 2) or listened to a conversation (Experiment 3) and were later tested for their memory of the target speaker's remarks with either a recognition (Experiment 1) or a recall procedure (Experiments 2 and 3). In all experiments the target speaker's ostensible status was manipulated. In Experiment 1, subjects who believed the speaker was high in status were less able later to distinguish between remarks from the conversation and assertive paraphrases of those remarks. This result was replicated in Experiment 2, but only when the status information was provided before subjects read the conversation and not when the information was provided after the conversation had been read. Experiment 2's results eliminate a reconstructive memory interpretation and suggest that information about a speaker's status affects the encoding of remarks. Experiment 3 examined this effect in a more ecologically representative context.
我们进行了三项实验，以检验关于说话者地位的信息对其言论自信程度记忆的影响。实验对象要么阅读（实验1和实验2），要么聆听一段对话（实验3），随后通过识别（实验1）或回忆程序（实验2和实验3）来测试他们对目标说话者言论的记忆。在所有实验中，目标说话者的表面地位都受到了操控。在实验1中，那些认为说话者地位高的实验对象，后来较难区分对话中的言论和这些言论的自信释义。这一结果在实验2中得到了重复，但只有当地位信息在实验对象阅读对话之前提供时才会如此，而在对话阅读之后提供信息时则不会。实验2的结果排除了重构性记忆的解释，并表明关于说话者地位的信息会影响言论的编码。实验3在更具生态代表性的情境中检验了这一效应。
