Seta J J, Crisson J E, Seta C E, Wang M A
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro 27412.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989 Mar;56(3):387-96. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.56.3.387.
Suggests that individuals' "stage fright," or perceptions of anxiety and performance, is a function of tendencies to both average and summate the impact of audience members. We found that under certain conditions adding an evaluative member to an audience decreased anxiety, whereas in other conditions the addition of evaluative members increased anxiety. These results are not expected from social impact theory or social facilitation research and suggest that individuals do not react to groups of individuals in a manner analogous to the way in which trait information is typically averaged in forming impressions of individuals (Anderson, 1981). An averaging-summation model that does account for these findings is presented. This research has implications for research on crowding, stress, social influence, and affective responses.
这表明个体的“怯场”，即对焦虑和表现的认知，是对观众成员影响进行平均和累加倾向的一种函数。我们发现，在某些条件下，给观众增加一名评估人员会降低焦虑，而在其他条件下，增加评估人员则会增加焦虑。社会影响理论或社会促进研究无法预测这些结果，这表明个体对个体群体的反应方式，与在形成个体印象时通常对特质信息进行平均的方式并不类似（安德森，1981年）。本文提出了一个能够解释这些发现的平均-累加模型。这项研究对拥挤、压力、社会影响和情感反应的研究具有启示意义。
