Neale M C, Stevenson J
Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989 Mar;56(3):446-55. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.56.3.446.
Under trait theory, ratings may be modeled as a function of the temperament of the child and the bias of the rater. Two linear structural equation models are described, one for mutual self- and partner ratings, and one for multiple ratings of related individuals. Application of the first model to EASI temperament data collected from spouses rating each other shows moderate agreement between raters and little rating bias. Spouse pairs agree moderately when rating their twin children, but there is significantly rater bias, with greater bias for monozygotic than for dizygotic twins. MLE's of heritability are approximately .5 for all temperament scales with no common environmental variance. Results are discussed with reference to trait validity, the person-situation debate, halo effects, and stereotyping. Questionnaire development using ratings on family members permits increased rater agreement and reduced rater bias.
根据特质理论，评分可以建模为儿童气质和评分者偏差的函数。描述了两个线性结构方程模型，一个用于相互自我和伴侣评分，另一个用于相关个体的多重评分。将第一个模型应用于配偶相互评分收集的EASI气质数据，结果显示评分者之间有适度的一致性，且评分偏差较小。配偶对在给他们的双胞胎孩子评分时意见适度一致，但存在显著的评分者偏差，同卵双胞胎的偏差比异卵双胞胎更大。在没有共同环境方差的情况下，所有气质量表的遗传力最大似然估计值约为0.5。结合特质效度、人境辩论、光环效应和刻板印象对结果进行了讨论。使用对家庭成员的评分来开发问卷可以提高评分者的一致性并减少评分者偏差。
