Morin Nicolas A O, Andersson Patrik L, Hale Sarah E, Arp Hans Peter H
Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021 La Roche-sur-Yon, France.
Chemistry Department, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
J Environ Sci (China). 2017 Dec;62:115-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.005. Epub 2017 Sep 22.
Flame retardants in commercial products eventually make their way into the waste stream. Herein the presence of flame retardants in Norwegian landfills, incineration facilities and recycling sorting/defragmenting facilities is investigated. These facilities handled waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), vehicles, digestate, glass, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash. The flame retardants considered included polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑BDE-10) as well as dechlorane plus, polybrominated biphenyls, hexabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene and pentabromoethylbenzene (collectively referred to as ∑FR-7). Plastic, WEEE and vehicles contained the largest amount of flame retardants (∑BDE-10: 45,000-210,000μg/kg; ∑FR-7: 300-13,000μg/kg). It was hypothesized leachate and air concentrations from facilities that sort/defragment WEEE and vehicles would be the highest. This was supported for total air phase concentrations (∑BDE-10: 9000-195,000pg/m WEEE/vehicle facilities, 80-900pg/m in incineration/sorting and landfill sites), but not for water leachate concentrations (e.g., ∑BDE-10: 15-3500ng/L in WEEE/Vehicle facilities and 1-250ng/L in landfill sites). Landfill leachate exhibited similar concentrations as WEEE/vehicle sorting and defragmenting facility leachate. To better account for concentrations in leachates at the different facilities, waste-water partitioning coefficients, K were measured (for the first time to our knowledge for flame retardants). WEEE and plastic waste had elevated K compared to other wastes, likely because flame retardants are directly added to these materials. The results of this study have implications for the development of strategies to reduce exposure and environmental emissions of flame retardants in waste and recycled products through improved waste management practices.
商业产品中的阻燃剂最终会进入废物流。本文对挪威垃圾填埋场、焚烧设施以及回收分类/拆解设施中阻燃剂的存在情况进行了调查。这些设施处理废弃电子电气设备（WEEE）、车辆、沼渣、玻璃、可燃物、底灰和飞灰。所考虑的阻燃剂包括多溴二苯醚（∑BDE - 10）以及十氯酮、多溴联苯、六溴苯、五溴甲苯和五溴乙苯（统称为∑FR - 7）。塑料、WEEE和车辆中含有的阻燃剂最多（∑BDE - 10：45,000 - 210,000μg/kg；∑FR - 7：300 - 13,000μg/kg）。据推测，对WEEE和车辆进行分类/拆解的设施中渗滤液和空气中的浓度会最高。对于气相总浓度而言，这一推测得到了证实（∑BDE - 10：在WEEE/车辆设施中为9000 - 195,000pg/m³，在焚烧/分类和垃圾填埋场中为80 - 900pg/m³），但对于水渗滤液浓度而言并非如此（例如，∑BDE - 10：在WEEE/车辆设施中为15 - 3500ng/L，在垃圾填埋场中为1 - 250ng/L）。垃圾填埋场渗滤液的浓度与WEEE/车辆分类和拆解设施渗滤液的浓度相似。为了更好地说明不同设施渗滤液中的浓度，测量了废水分配系数K（据我们所知，这是首次针对阻燃剂进行测量）。与其他废物相比，WEEE和塑料废物的K值升高，这可能是因为阻燃剂直接添加到了这些材料中。本研究结果对于制定通过改进废物管理措施来减少废物和回收产品中阻燃剂的暴露及环境排放策略具有重要意义。
