Dipartimento per il monitoraggio e la tutela dell'ambiente e per la conservazione della biodiversità, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca ambientale (ISPRA), Milazzo, Italy.
Sezione Oceanografia - OGS, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy.
PLoS One. 2018 Jan 4;13(1):e0190710. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190710. eCollection 2018.
The geological, biological and geochemical features of a particular field of hydrothermal vents, discovered in the Panarea Volcanic Complex during a research survey carried out in 2015, are described for the first time. The site, located at 70-80 m depth off the South-western coast of the islet of Basiluzzo, was named Smoking Land for the presence of a large number of wide and high active chimneys and was characterized in terms of dissolved benthic fluxes, associated macrofauna and megafauna communities and preliminary mineralogy and geochemistry of chimney structures. On the whole field, a total of 39 chimneys, different in size and shape, were closely observed and described; 14 of them showed emission of low temperature hydrothermal fluids of marine origin characterized by acidified chemical conditions. The CTD and benthic chamber measurements highlighted that the Smoking Land is able to form a sea water bottom layer characterized by variable acidity and high DIC and trace elements concentrations; these characteristics weaken moving away from the chimney mouths. The SEM-EDS analysis of the collected solid samples revealed a chimney structure principally composed by amorphous and low crystalline Fe-oxyhydroxides of hydrothermal origins. The ROV explorations revealed a wide coverage of red algae (Peyssonnelia spp.) colonized by the green algae Flabiella petiolata and by suspension feeders, mainly sponges, but also bryozoans, and tubicolous polychaetes. Although novent-exclusive species were identified, the benthic communities found in association to the chimneys included more taxa than those observed in the surrounding no-vent rocky areas. These first findings evidence a submarine dynamic habitat where geological, chemical and biological processes are intimately connected, making the Smoking Land an important site in terms of marine heritage that should be safeguarded and protected.
首次描述了 2015 年在帕纳雷阿火山群进行的一项研究调查中发现的一处热液喷口的地质、生物和地球化学特征。该地点位于 Basiluzzo 小岛西南海岸 70-80 米深处，因其大量宽而高的活跃烟囱而被命名为“冒烟之地”，并以溶解的海底通量、相关的大型动物群和巨型动物群群落以及烟囱结构的初步矿物学和地球化学为特征。在整个场地中，总共观察和描述了 39 个大小和形状不同的烟囱；其中 14 个烟囱排放出低温海洋起源的热液流体，其化学条件呈酸化状态。CTD 和海底腔测量结果表明，“冒烟之地”能够形成一层具有可变酸度和高 DIC 及微量元素浓度的海水底层；这些特征在远离烟囱口的地方减弱。收集的固体样品的 SEM-EDS 分析表明，烟囱结构主要由热液起源的无定形和低结晶铁氢氧化物组成。ROV 勘探揭示了广泛分布的红藻（Peyssonnelia spp.），其上有绿藻 Flabiella petiolata 和悬浮食者（主要是海绵），还有苔藓动物和管栖多毛类。尽管鉴定出了 novent-exclusive 物种，但与烟囱相关的底栖群落包含的分类群比在周围无喷口的岩石区域观察到的要多。这些初步发现证明了一个海底动态栖息地，其中地质、化学和生物过程密切相关，使“冒烟之地”成为海洋遗产的一个重要地点，应该得到保护和保护。
