Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.
Interdisciplinary Center of Human Performance Studies (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018 Mar;118(3):573-583. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3777-8. Epub 2018 Jan 8.
Long-term training influence on athletes' immune cell response to acute exercise has been poorly studied, despite the complexity of both chronic and acute adaptations induced by training. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of a 4-month swimming training cycle on the immune cell response to a high-intensity training session, during 24 h of recovery, considering sex, maturity, and age group.
Forty-three swimmers (16 females, 14.4 ± 1.1 years; 27 males, 16.2 ± 2.0) performed a standardized high-intensity session, after the main competition of the first (M1), and second (M2) macrocycles. Blood samples were collected before (Pre), immediately after (Post), 2 h after (Post2h) and 24 h after (Post24h) exercise. Haemogram and lymphocytes subsets were assessed by an automatic cell counter and by flow cytometry, respectively. Subjects were grouped according to sex, competitive age groups, or pubertal Tanner stages. Results express the percentage of relative differences from Pre to Post, Post2h and Post24h. Upper respiratory symptoms (URS) and training load were quantified.
At M2, we observed smaller increases of leukocytes (M1: 14.0 ± 36.3/M2: 2.33 ± 23.0%) and neutrophils (M1: 57.1 ± 71.6/M2: 38.9 ± 49.9%) at Post; and less efficient recoveries of total lymphocytes (M1: - 22.0 ± 20.1/M2: - 30.0 ± 18.6%) and CD19 (M1: 4.09 ± 31.1/M2: - 19.1 ± 24.4%) at Post2h. At Post2h, the increment of CD4/CD8 was smaller in youth (M1: 21.5 ± 16.0/M2: 9.23 ± 21.4%), and bigger in seniors (M1: 3.68 ± 9.21/M2: 23.2 ± 15.0%); and at Post24h late pubertal swimmers' CD1656 recovered less efficiently (M1: - 0.66 ± 34.6/M2: - 20.5 ± 34.2%).
The training cycle induced an attenuated immune change immediately after exercise and a less efficient recovery of total lymphocytes, involving an accentuated CD19 decrease. The concomitant higher URS frequency suggests a potential immune depression and a longer interval of susceptibility to infection.
尽管训练引起的慢性和急性适应都很复杂，但长期训练对运动员免疫细胞对急性运动反应的影响仍研究甚少。本研究的目的是研究 4 个月的游泳训练周期对高强度训练期间免疫细胞反应的影响，在 24 小时的恢复期内，考虑性别、成熟度和年龄组。
43 名游泳运动员（16 名女性，14.4±1.1 岁；27 名男性，16.2±2.0 岁）在第一个（M1）和第二个（M2）大周期的主要比赛后进行了标准化的高强度训练。在运动前（Pre）、运动后即刻（Post）、运动后 2 小时（Post2h）和运动后 24 小时（Post24h）采集血样。用自动细胞计数器和流式细胞术分别评估血常规和淋巴细胞亚群。根据性别、竞技年龄组或青春期 Tanner 阶段对受试者进行分组。结果以 Pre 到 Post、Post2h 和 Post24h 的相对差异百分比表示。量化了上呼吸道症状（URS）和训练负荷。
在 M2 时，我们观察到白细胞（M1：14.0±36.3/M2：2.33±23.0%）和中性粒细胞（M1：57.1±71.6/M2：38.9±49.9%）在 Post 时的增加较小；总淋巴细胞（M1：-22.0±20.1/M2：-30.0±18.6%）和 CD19（M1：4.09±31.1/M2：-19.1±24.4%）在 Post2h 的恢复效率较低。在 Post2h，青少年的 CD4/CD8 增加较小（M1：21.5±16.0/M2：9.23±21.4%），老年人的增加较大（M1：3.68±9.21/M2：23.2±15.0%）；而在 Post24h，晚期青春期游泳运动员的 CD1656 恢复效率较低（M1：-0.66±34.6/M2：-20.5±34.2%）。
训练周期导致运动后即刻的免疫变化减弱，总淋巴细胞的恢复效率降低，涉及 CD19 的明显下降。同时更高的 URS 频率提示潜在的免疫抑制和更长的感染易感性间隔。
