National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Institute of Applied and Basic Psychology and Technology (IPSIBAT), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Viamonte 3845, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
Psychol Res. 2019 Sep;83(6):1137-1146. doi: 10.1007/s00426-017-0969-0. Epub 2018 Jan 12.
Under various circumstances, the cognitive system operates in a global manner that is not very precise and barely discriminatory. This form of operating has been described via a general principal that Diamond (Developmental Psychology 45:130-138, 2009) has denominated the All or None Hypothesis. This author has described a set of corollaries derived from this hypothesis that make it possible to verify it in each one of these domains. Although there is evidence of the global and non-discriminate way in which the cognitive system operates in populations of children, to date, there are no studies that have examined whether this mode of operation is also present in populations of adults. Researchers have yet to determine whether these corollaries apply to middle-aged adults. For this reason, this is the current study's principal objective. A sample of 73 participants with ages ranging from 18 to 57 of both genders was evaluated. A modified version of the arrows test in Davidson et al. (Neuropsychologia 44:2037-2078, 2006) was used to analyze the three corollaries. The results obtained in this study can be interpreted as evidence in favor of the corollaries analyzed herein. Furthermore, they indicate that adult populations have a global response mode that is barely differentiated and that is activated by default in the face of problems and situations that demand behaviors and/or thoughts that are not very analytical and differentiated. However, in contexts that demand greater discrimination, this global mode is substituted by a controlled mode that requires greater cognitive effort and more differentiated processing.
在各种情况下，认知系统以一种不太精确且几乎没有区别性的全局方式运作。这种运作方式被 Diamond（《发展心理学》45:130-138, 2009）称为全有或全无假说的一般原则所描述。这位作者描述了一组源自该假说的推论，这些推论使得在这些领域中的每一个领域都可以验证它。尽管有证据表明认知系统在儿童群体中以全局和非区分的方式运作，但迄今为止，还没有研究检验这种运作模式是否也存在于成人群体中。研究人员尚未确定这些推论是否适用于中年成年人。出于这个原因，这是当前研究的主要目标。评估了一个年龄在 18 到 57 岁之间的 73 名男性和女性参与者的样本。使用 Davidson 等人（《神经心理学》44:2037-2078, 2006）的箭头测试的修改版本来分析这三个推论。本研究获得的结果可以解释为支持本文分析的推论的证据。此外，它们表明，成年人群体具有全局反应模式，几乎没有区别性，并且在面对需要不太分析和区分的行为和/或思维的问题和情况时默认激活。然而，在需要更高区分度的情况下，这种全局模式会被需要更多认知努力和更区分处理的受控模式所取代。
