School of Public Health, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
Alberta Centre for Active Living, 2-131 University Hall, University of Alberta, 8840 114 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada.
BMC Public Health. 2018 Jan 15;18(1):137. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5061-1.
Healthy public policy is an important tool for creating environments that support human health and wellbeing. At the local level, municipal policies, such as zoning bylaws, provide an opportunity for governments to regulate building location and the type of services offered. Across North America, there has been a recent proliferation of municipal bylaws banning fast food drive-through services. Research on the utilization of this policy strategy, including bylaw adopters and adopter characteristics, is limited within the Canadian context. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize Canadian municipalities based on level of policy innovation and nature of their adopted bylaw banning fast food drive-through services.
A multiple case history methodology was utilized to identify and analyse eligible municipal bylaws, and included development of a chronological timeline and map of adopter municipalities within Canada. Grey literature and policy databases were searched for potential adopters of municipal fast food drive-through service bylaws. Adopters were confirmed through evidence of current municipal bylaws. Geographic diffusion and diffusion of innovations theories provided a contextual framework for analysis of bylaw documents. Analysis included assignment of adopter-types, extent and purpose of bans, and policy learning activities of each adopter municipality.
From 2002 to 2016, 27 municipalities were identified as adopters: six innovators and twenty-one early adopters. Mapping revealed parallel geographic diffusion patterns in western and eastern Canada. Twenty-two municipalities adopted a partial ban and five adopted a full ban. Rationales for the drive-through bans included health promotion, environmental concerns from idling, community character and aesthetics, traffic concerns, and walkability. Policy learning, including research and consultation with other municipalities, was performed by nine early adopters.
This study detailed the adoption of fast food drive-through bylaws across Canada. Understanding the adopter-type characteristics of municipalities and the nature of their bylaws can assist other jurisdictions in similar policy efforts. While the implications for research and practice are evolving and dynamic, fast food drive-through service bans may play a role in promoting healthier food environments. Further research is required to determine the viability of this strategy for health promotion and chronic disease prevention.
健康公共政策是创造支持人类健康和福祉的环境的重要工具。在地方层面，城市政策（如分区法规）为政府提供了一种监管建筑位置和提供服务类型的机会。在整个北美，最近出现了大量禁止快餐得来速服务的城市法规。关于这种政策策略的利用，包括采用法规的政府和采用法规的特点，在加拿大范围内的研究是有限的。本研究的目的是根据政策创新水平和禁止快餐得来速服务的法规性质，确定和描述加拿大的城市。
采用多案例历史方法识别和分析符合条件的城市法规，包括制定加拿大采用快餐得来速服务法规的城市的时间线和地图。对灰色文献和政策数据库进行了搜索，以寻找潜在的城市快餐得来速服务法规采用者。通过当前城市法规的证据来确认采用者。地理扩散和创新扩散理论为法规文件的分析提供了一个背景框架。分析包括分配采用者类型、禁令的范围和目的，以及每个采用者城市的政策学习活动。
从 2002 年到 2016 年，确定了 27 个城市作为采用者：6 个创新者和 21 个早期采用者。制图显示了加拿大西部和东部平行的地理扩散模式。22 个城市采用了部分禁令，5 个城市采用了全面禁令。禁止得来速的理由包括促进健康、怠速带来的环境问题、社区特色和美感、交通问题以及步行友好性。包括与其他城市进行研究和协商在内的政策学习，由 9 个早期采用者进行。
本研究详细介绍了加拿大快餐得来速法规的采用情况。了解城市的采用者类型特点和法规的性质，可以帮助其他司法管辖区开展类似的政策工作。虽然研究和实践的影响是不断发展和动态的，但快餐得来速服务禁令可能在促进更健康的食品环境方面发挥作用。需要进一步研究以确定这种策略在促进健康和预防慢性病方面的可行性。
