Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, IL, USA.
Food Funct. 2018 Feb 21;9(2):806-818. doi: 10.1039/c7fo00893g.
Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) contains a variety of polyphenols including anthocyanins and ellagitannins. Red raspberry polyphenols absorbed in different forms (parent compounds, degradants or microbial metabolites) are subject to xenobiotic metabolism in the intestine, liver, and/or kidney, forming methylate, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugated metabolites. Upon acute exposure, (poly)phenol/metabolite presence in the blood depends mainly on intestinal absorption, enterohepatic circulation, and metabolism by resident microbiota. However, chronic exposure to red raspberry polyphenols may alter metabolite patterns depending on adaptions in the xenobiotic machinery and/or microbiota composition. Understanding the metabolic fate of these compounds and their composition in different biological specimens relative to the exposure time/dose will aid in designing future health benefit studies, including the mechanism of action studies. The present exploratory study applied ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometries to characterize red raspberry polyphenols in fruit and then their appearance, including metabolites in human biological samples (plasma, urine and breast milk) after the chronic intake of red raspberries. The results suggested that the most abundant polyphenols in red raspberries included cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, sanguiin H6 and lambertianin C. Sixty-two (poly)phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in the plasma, urine and breast milk samples after the intake of red raspberries. In general, urine contained the highest content of phenolic metabolites; phase II metabolites, particularly sulfated conjugates, were mainly present in urine and breast milk, and breast milk contained fewer parent anthocyanins compared to urine and plasma.
红树莓（Rubus idaeus L.）含有多种多酚类物质，包括花青素和鞣花单宁。红树莓多酚以不同形式（母体化合物、降解产物或微生物代谢物）被吸收，在肠道、肝脏和/或肾脏中经历外源性代谢，形成甲基化、葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸盐结合代谢物。在急性暴露时，（多）酚/代谢物在血液中的存在主要取决于肠道吸收、肠肝循环以及驻留微生物群的代谢。然而，慢性暴露于红树莓多酚可能会改变代谢物模式，这取决于外源性生物转化酶和/或微生物群落组成的适应性。了解这些化合物在不同生物样本中的代谢命运及其组成，相对于暴露时间/剂量，将有助于设计未来的健康益处研究，包括作用机制研究。本探索性研究应用超高效液相色谱（UHPLC）结合四极杆飞行时间（QTOF）和三重四极杆（QQQ）质谱技术，对水果中的红树莓多酚进行了表征，然后在慢性摄入红树莓后，观察了其在人体生物样本（血浆、尿液和母乳）中的出现情况，包括代谢物。结果表明，红树莓中含量最丰富的多酚类物质包括矢车菊素 3-O-槐糖苷、矢车菊素 3-O-葡萄糖苷、桑辛素 H6 和 Lambertianin C。在摄入红树莓后，在血浆、尿液和母乳样本中，共推测出 62 种（多）酚类化合物。总体而言，尿液中含有最高含量的酚类代谢物；Ⅱ相代谢物，特别是硫酸结合物，主要存在于尿液和母乳中，与尿液和血浆相比，母乳中母体花青素较少。
