From the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.); and the George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (J.H.Y.W.).
Circ Res. 2018 Jan 19;122(2):369-384. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.309008.
A growing body of nutritional science highlights the complex mechanisms and pleiotropic pathways of cardiometabolic effects of different foods. Among these, some of the most exciting advances are occurring in the area of flavonoids, bioactive phytochemicals found in plant foods; and in the area of dairy, including milk, yogurt, and cheese. Many of the relevant ingredients and mechanistic pathways are now being clarified, shedding new light on both the ingredients and the pathways for how diet influences health and well-being. Flavonoids, for example, have effects on skeletal muscle, adipocytes, liver, and pancreas, and myocardial, renal, and immune cells, for instance, related to 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, endothelial NO synthase activation, and suppression of NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) and TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4). Effects of dairy are similarly complex and may be mediated by specific amino acids, medium-chain and odd-chain saturated fats, unsaturated fats, branched-chain fats, natural fats, probiotics, vitamin K1/K2, and calcium, as well as by processing such as fermentation and homogenization. These characteristics of dairy foods influence diverse pathways including related to mammalian target of rapamycin, silent information regulator transcript-1, angiotensin-converting enzyme, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, osteocalcin, matrix glutamate protein, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hepatic and adipose fatty acid oxidation and inflammation, and gut microbiome interactions such as intestinal integrity and endotoxemia. The complexity of these emerging pathways and corresponding biological responses highlights the rapid advances in nutritional science and the continued need to generate robust empirical evidence on the mechanistic and clinical effects of specific foods.
越来越多的营养科学研究强调了不同食物对心血管代谢影响的复杂机制和多效途径。在这些研究中，一些最令人兴奋的进展出现在类黄酮领域，类黄酮是植物性食物中发现的生物活性植物化学物质；以及乳制品领域，包括牛奶、酸奶和奶酪。许多相关的成分和机制途径现在正在被阐明，这为饮食如何影响健康和幸福提供了新的视角，包括其成分和途径。例如，类黄酮对骨骼肌、脂肪细胞、肝脏和胰腺以及心肌、肾脏和免疫细胞都有影响，例如与 5'-单磷酸激活蛋白激酶磷酸化、内皮型一氧化氮合酶激活和核因子-κB（NF-κB）和 Toll 样受体 4（TLR4）抑制有关。乳制品的影响也同样复杂，可能是通过特定的氨基酸、中链和奇数链饱和脂肪、不饱和脂肪、支链脂肪、天然脂肪、益生菌、维生素 K1/K2 和钙，以及通过发酵和均质化等加工来介导的。这些乳制品的特性影响着多种途径，包括与哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白、沉默信息调节转录物 1、血管紧张素转化酶、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体、骨钙素、基质谷氨酸蛋白、肝脏从头脂肪生成、肝脏和脂肪脂肪酸氧化和炎症以及肠道微生物组相互作用（如肠道完整性和内毒素血症）有关。这些新兴途径和相应生物学反应的复杂性突显了营养科学的快速发展，以及继续需要生成关于特定食物的机制和临床效果的强有力的经验证据。
