Ferraz da Silva Igor, Freitas-Lima Leandro Ceotto, Graceli Jones Bernardes, Rodrigues Lívia Carla de Melo
Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Psychopharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
Laboratory of Endocrinology and Cellular Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Jan 8;8:366. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00366. eCollection 2017.
The consequences of exposure to environmental contaminants have shown significant effects on brain function and behavior in different experimental models. The endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) present various classes of pollutants with potential neurotoxic actions, such as organotins (OTs). OTs have received special attention due to their toxic effects on the central nervous system, leading to abnormal mammalian neuroendocrine axis function. OTs are organometallic pollutants with a tin atom bound to one or more carbon atoms. OT exposure may occur through the food chain and/or contaminated water, since they have multiple applications in industry and agriculture. In addition, OTs have been used with few legal restrictions in the last decades, despite being highly toxic. In addition to their action as EDC, OTs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and show relevant neurotoxic effects, as observed in several animal model studies specifically involving the development of neurodegenerative processes, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Thus, the aim of this short review is to summarize the toxic effects of the most common OT compounds, such as trimethyltin, tributyltin, triethyltin, and triphenyltin, on the brain with a focus on neuronal damage as a result of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. We also aim to present evidence for the disruption of behavioral functions, neurotransmitters, and neuroendocrine pathways caused by OTs.
在不同的实验模型中，接触环境污染物的后果已显示出对脑功能和行为有显著影响。内分泌干扰化学物质（EDC）呈现出各类具有潜在神经毒性作用的污染物，如有机锡化合物（OTs）。由于OTs对中枢神经系统有毒性作用，导致哺乳动物神经内分泌轴功能异常，因此受到了特别关注。OTs是一种有机金属污染物，其中的锡原子与一个或多个碳原子相连。由于OTs在工业和农业中有多种用途，通过食物链和/或受污染的水可能会发生OTs暴露。此外，尽管OTs具有高毒性，但在过去几十年中其使用几乎没有受到法律限制。除了作为EDC发挥作用外，OTs还能穿过血脑屏障并表现出相关的神经毒性作用，这在一些专门涉及神经退行性过程、神经炎症和氧化应激发展的动物模型研究中已得到观察。因此，本简短综述的目的是总结最常见的OT化合物，如三甲基锡、三丁基锡、三乙基锡和三苯基锡对大脑的毒性作用，重点关注氧化应激和神经炎症导致的神经元损伤。我们还旨在提供证据，证明OTs对行为功能、神经递质和神经内分泌途径的破坏作用。
