Vogt Éverton L, Model Jorge F A, Vinagre Anapaula S
Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada (LAMEC), Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Feb 27;9:65. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00065. eCollection 2018.
Organotins (OTs) are considered some of the most toxic chemicals introduced into aquatic environments by anthropogenic activities. They are widely used for agricultural and industrial purposes and as antifouling additives on boat hull's paints. Even though the use of OTs was banned in 2008, elevated levels of OTs can still be detected in aquatic environments. OTs' deleterious effects upon wildlife and experimental animals are well documented and include endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and metabolic dysfunction. Crustaceans are key members of zooplankton and benthic communities and have vital roles in food chains, so the endocrine-disrupting effects of tributyltin (TBT) on crustaceans can affect other organisms. TBT can disrupt carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis of crustaceans by interacting with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) signaling. Moreover, it can also interact with other nuclear receptors, disrupting methyl farnesoate and ecdysteroid signaling, thereby altering growth and sexual maturity, respectively. This compound also interferes in cytochrome P450 system disrupting steroid synthesis and reproduction. Crustaceans are also important fisheries worldwide, and its consumption can pose risks to human health. However, some questions remain unanswered. This mini review aims to update information about the effects of OTs on the metabolism, growth, and reproduction of crustaceans; to compare with known effects in mammals; and to point aspects that still needs to be addressed in future studies. Since both macrocrustaceans and microcrustaceans are good models to study the effects of sublethal TBT contamination, novel studies should be developed using multibiomarkers and omics technology.
有机锡化合物（OTs）被认为是人为活动引入水生环境的毒性最强的一些化学物质。它们被广泛用于农业和工业用途，并作为船体涂料中的防污添加剂。尽管2008年已禁止使用OTs，但在水生环境中仍能检测到其含量升高。OTs对野生动物和实验动物的有害影响已有充分记录，包括内分泌干扰、免疫毒性、神经毒性、遗传毒性和代谢功能障碍。甲壳类动物是浮游动物和底栖生物群落的关键成员，在食物链中起着至关重要的作用，因此三丁基锡（TBT）对甲壳类动物的内分泌干扰作用会影响其他生物。TBT可通过与视黄酸X受体（RXR）和甲壳类高血糖激素（CHH）信号相互作用，扰乱甲壳类动物的碳水化合物和脂质稳态。此外，它还可与其他核受体相互作用，扰乱法尼醇酸甲酯和蜕皮甾类信号，从而分别改变生长和性成熟。这种化合物还会干扰细胞色素P450系统，扰乱类固醇合成和繁殖。甲壳类动物在全球范围内也是重要的渔业资源，食用它们可能对人类健康构成风险。然而，一些问题仍未得到解答。本综述旨在更新有关OTs对甲壳类动物代谢、生长和繁殖影响的信息；与哺乳动物的已知影响进行比较；并指出未来研究仍需解决的方面。由于大型甲壳类动物和小型甲壳类动物都是研究亚致死性TBT污染影响的良好模型，因此应利用多生物标志物和组学技术开展新的研究。
