Martínez-Rodríguez Macarena C, Prada-Delgado Miguel A, Brox Piedad, Baturone Iluminada
Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla IMSE-CNM, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
Sensors (Basel). 2018 Jan 25;18(2):347. doi: 10.3390/s18020347.
This work presents a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) design of trusted virtual sensors providing a minimum unitary cost and very good figures of size, speed and power consumption. The sensed variable is estimated by a virtual sensor based on a configurable and programmable PieceWise-Affine hyper-Rectangular (PWAR) model. An algorithm is presented to find the best values of the programmable parameters given a set of (empirical or simulated) input-output data. The VLSI design of the trusted virtual sensor uses the fast authenticated encryption algorithm, AEGIS, to ensure the integrity of the provided virtual measurement and to encrypt it, and a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) based on a Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) to ensure the integrity of the sensor itself. Implementation results of a prototype designed in a 90-nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology show that the active silicon area of the trusted virtual sensor is 0.86 mm 2 and its power consumption when trusted sensing at 50 MHz is 7.12 mW. The maximum operation frequency is 85 MHz, which allows response times lower than 0.25 μ s. As application example, the designed prototype was programmed to estimate the yaw rate in a vehicle, obtaining root mean square errors lower than 1.1%. Experimental results of the employed PUF show the robustness of the trusted sensing against aging and variations of the operation conditions, namely, temperature and power supply voltage (final value as well as ramp-up time).
这项工作提出了一种超大规模集成电路（VLSI）设计的可信虚拟传感器，其具有最低的单位成本以及出色的尺寸、速度和功耗指标。所感测的变量由基于可配置和可编程分段仿射超矩形（PWAR）模型的虚拟传感器进行估计。给出了一种算法，用于在给定一组（经验或模拟的）输入 - 输出数据的情况下找到可编程参数的最佳值。可信虚拟传感器的VLSI设计使用快速认证加密算法AEGIS来确保所提供虚拟测量的完整性并对其进行加密，以及基于静态随机存取存储器（SRAM）的物理不可克隆函数（PUF）来确保传感器自身的完整性。采用90纳米互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）技术设计的原型的实现结果表明，可信虚拟传感器的有源硅面积为0.86平方毫米，在50兆赫兹进行可信传感时其功耗为7.12毫瓦。最大工作频率为85兆赫兹，这使得响应时间低于0.25微秒。作为应用示例，所设计的原型被编程用于估计车辆中的偏航率，获得的均方根误差低于1.1%。所采用的PUF的实验结果表明了可信传感对老化以及工作条件（即温度和电源电压，包括最终值以及上升时间）变化的鲁棒性。
