Berger J, Cunningham C C
Child Care Health Dev. 1986 Jan-Feb;12(1):13-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1986.tb00483.x.
Smiling by five Down's syndrome and seven nonhandicapped infants was recorded longitudinally during face-to-face interactions with their mothers over the first 6 months of the infants' lives. Two conditions, 'mobile' (mothers were asked to talk to the baby as naturally as possible) and 'immobile' (silent and maintain an impassive face), were contrasted. Between-group comparisons confirmed previous findings of significantly delayed emergence and less frequent smiling by the infants with Down's syndrome. Their smiles were also found to be shorter, and less discriminative between the two face-to-face conditions. The non-handicapped infants showed significantly more cry/distress vocalizations in the immobile than in the mobile condition, while the reverse was found for the Down's syndrome infants. A close temporal association between smiling and eye contact with mothers was found for both groups of infants. In a free interaction condition, mothers of the Down's syndrome babies showed a stronger tendency to use kinaesthetic and tactile stimulation than mothers of the non-handicapped infants.
在婴儿出生后的头6个月里，对5名唐氏综合征婴儿和7名非残疾婴儿在与母亲面对面互动时的微笑进行了纵向记录。对比了两种情况，“活动”（要求母亲尽可能自然地与婴儿交谈）和“静止”（沉默并保持面无表情）。组间比较证实了之前的研究结果，即唐氏综合征婴儿的微笑出现明显延迟且频率较低。还发现他们的微笑持续时间更短，在两种面对面情况下的区分度也更低。非残疾婴儿在“静止”情况下比在“活动”情况下发出的哭泣/痛苦声音明显更多，而唐氏综合征婴儿则相反。两组婴儿的微笑与与母亲的眼神接触之间都存在密切的时间关联。在自由互动的情况下，唐氏综合征婴儿的母亲比非残疾婴儿的母亲更倾向于使用动觉和触觉刺激。
