University of Münster, Münster, Germany. vwoer
Infant Behav Dev. 2012 Jun;35(3):335-47. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.03.002. Epub 2012 Jun 19.
Social smiling is universally regarded as being an infant's first facial expression of pleasure. Underlying co-constructivist emotion theories are the assumptions that the emergence of social smiling is bound to experiences of face-to-face interactions with caregivers and the impact of two developmental mechanisms--maternal and infant imitation. We analyzed mother-infant interactions from two different socio-cultural contexts and hypothesized that cross-cultural differences in face-to-face interactions determine the occurrence of both of these mechanisms and of the frequency of social smiling by 12-week-old infants. Twenty mother-infant dyads from a socio-cultural community with many face-to-face interactions (German families, Münster) were compared with 24 mother-infant dyads from a socio-cultural community with few such interactions (rural Nso families, Cameroon) when the infants were aged 6 and 12 weeks. When infants were 6 weeks old, mothers and their infants from both cultural communities smiled at each other for similar (albeit very short) amounts of time and used imitated each other's smiling similarly rarely. In contrast, when infants were 12 weeks old, mothers and their infants from Münster smiled at and imitated each other more often than did Nso mothers and their infants.
社会微笑被普遍认为是婴儿第一个表达愉悦的面部表情。潜在的共同建构主义情绪理论假设，社会微笑的出现必然与与照顾者的面对面互动体验以及母婴模仿这两个发展机制有关。我们分析了来自两个不同社会文化背景的母婴互动，并假设面对面互动的跨文化差异决定了这两种机制以及 12 周大婴儿社会微笑的频率的发生。当婴儿 6 周和 12 周大时，我们将 20 对来自有很多面对面互动的社会文化社区（德国家庭，明斯特）的母婴对与 24 对来自很少有这种互动的社会文化社区（喀麦隆农村 Nso 家庭）的母婴对进行了比较。当婴儿 6 周大时，来自两个文化社区的母亲和婴儿彼此微笑的时间相似（尽管非常短暂），并且彼此模仿微笑的频率相似。相比之下，当婴儿 12 周大时，明斯特的母亲和婴儿比 Nso 的母亲和婴儿彼此微笑和模仿的频率更高。
