Evaluating upper limb impairments in multiple sclerosis by exposure to different mechanical environments.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease affecting multiple functional systems and resulting in motor impairments associated with muscle weakness and lack of movement coordination. We quantified upper limb motor deficits with a robot-based assessment including behavioral and muscle synergy analysis in 11 multiple sclerosis subjects with mild to moderate upper limb impairment (9 female; 50 ± 10 years) compared to 11 age- and gender- matched controls (9 female; 50 ± 9 years). All subjects performed planar reaching tasks by moving their upper limb or applying force while grasping the handle of a robotic manipulandum that generated four different environments: free space, assistive or resistive forces, and rigid constraint. We recorded the activity of 15 upper body muscles. Multiple sclerosis subjects generated irregular trajectories. While activities in isolated arm muscles appeared generally normal, shoulder muscle coordination with arm motions was impaired and there was a marked co-activation of the biceps and triceps in extension movements. Systematic differences in timing and organization of muscle synergies have also been observed. This study supports the definition of new biomarkers and rehabilitative treatments for improving upper limb motor coordination in multiple sclerosis.