MS-Nutrition, Marseille, France.
UMR MOISA, Inra 1110, CIRAD, SupAgro, CIHEAM-IAMM, Université de Montpellier, MOISA (Markets, Organizations, Institutions and Strategies of Actors), 34060, Montpellier 2, France.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018 Jul;72(7):951-960. doi: 10.1038/s41430-017-0080-z. Epub 2018 Feb 5.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: It is not known whether dietary changes able to simultaneously achieve nutritional adequacy and reduce diet-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) are similar across Europe when cultural and gender specificities are taken into account.
SUBJECTS/METHODS: Starting from each mean observed diet in five European countries (France, UK, Italy, Finland, and Sweden) and for each gender, nutritionally adequate diets departing the least from observed diet were designed with linear programming by applying stepwise 10% GHGE reductions. Other models directly minimized GHGE.
For most countries and whatever the gender, achieving nutritional adequacy implied between-food-group subtitutions (i.e., replacing items from the sugar/fat/alcohol food-group with items from the fruit and vegetables and starchy food-groups), but increased GHGE. Once nutritional adequacy was met, to decrease GHGE, the optimization process further induced within-food-groups substitutions that were reinforced by stepwise GHGE reductions. Diet modeling results showed the need for changes in consumption of animal-based products but those changes differed according to country and gender, particularly for fish, poultry, and non-liquid milk dairy. Depending on country and gender, maximal GHGE reductions achievable ranged from 62% to 78% but they induced large departures from observed diets (at least 2.8 kg/day of total absolute weight change) by modifying the quantity of at least 99% of food items.
Setting nutritional goals with no consideration for the environment may increase GHGE. However, diet sustainability can be improved by substituting food items from the sugar/fat/alcohol food group with fruit, vegetables, and starches, and country-specific changes in consumption of animal-based products. Standardized surveys and individual diet modeling are promising tools for further exploring ways to achieve sustainable diets in Europe.
背景/目的：考虑到文化和性别差异，在整个欧洲，同时实现营养充足和减少与饮食相关的温室气体排放（GHGE）的饮食变化是否相似，目前尚不清楚。
受试者/方法：从五个欧洲国家（法国、英国、意大利、芬兰和瑞典）的每种平均观察饮食出发，对于每个性别，通过线性规划设计从观察饮食偏离最小的营养充足饮食，应用逐步减少 10%的 GHGE。其他模型直接最小化 GHGE。
对于大多数国家和无论性别如何，实现营养充足意味着在食物组之间进行替代（即，用来自水果和蔬菜以及淀粉类食物组的食物替代糖/脂肪/酒精食物组中的食物），但增加了 GHGE。一旦满足了营养充足性，为了减少 GHGE，优化过程进一步诱导了食物组内的替代，这些替代通过逐步减少 GHGE 得到加强。饮食建模结果表明需要改变动物产品的消费，但这些变化因国家和性别而异，特别是对于鱼类、家禽和非液体牛奶乳制品。根据国家和性别不同，可实现的最大 GHGE 减少幅度从 62%到 78%不等，但通过改变至少 99%的食物项目的数量，它们引起了与观察饮食的较大偏离（至少 2.8kg/天的总绝对体重变化）。
在制定营养目标时不考虑环境因素可能会增加 GHGE。然而，通过用水果、蔬菜和淀粉替代糖/脂肪/酒精食物组中的食物，以及在动物产品消费方面进行特定国家的改变，可以提高饮食的可持续性。标准化调查和个体饮食建模是进一步探索在欧洲实现可持续饮食的方法的有前途的工具。
