2D Nanostructured Metal Hydroxides with Gene Delivery and Theranostic Functions; A Comprehensive Review.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with two dimensional structure have been attracted considerable interest in exploring new intercalative nanohybrids, such as inorganic-LDHs, organic-LDHs and bio-LDHs ones, which often exhibit extraordinarily synergetic effects and complementary performances. More recently, bio-related nanotechnology becomes one of the most essential research field in the viewpoint of the health and safety of human being. In this regard, LDHs have been focused as an important inorganic material for gene and drug delivery carriers with imaging and targeting functions. In the present review, an attempt has been made to describe gene delivery systems based on LDH nanoparticles in terms of synthetic routes of gene-LDH nanohybrids, their physico-chemical properties, intercellular uptake mechanisms, intracellular trafficking pathways and drug resistance, and passive and active targeting functions in in-vitro and in-vivo, and finally imaging functions. And recent studies of gene-therapies with LDHs are also discussed from the viewpoint of state-of-the-art nanohybrids technology.