Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium.
Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jun 15;627:1018-1038. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288. Epub 2018 Feb 3.
Plants, animals and humans, are colonized by microorganisms (microbiota) and transiently exposed to countless others. The microbiota affects the development and function of essentially all organ systems, and contributes to adaptation and evolution, while protecting against pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. Genetics and lifestyle factors, including diet, antibiotics and other drugs, and exposure to the natural environment, affect the composition of the microbiota, which influences host health through modulation of interrelated physiological systems. These include immune system development and regulation, metabolic and endocrine pathways, brain function and epigenetic modification of the genome. Importantly, parental microbiotas have transgenerational impacts on the health of progeny. Humans, animals and plants share similar relationships with microbes. Research paradigms from humans and other mammals, amphibians, insects, planktonic crustaceans and plants demonstrate the influence of environmental microbial ecosystems on the microbiota and health of organisms, and indicate links between environmental and internal microbial diversity and good health. Therefore, overlapping compositions, and interconnected roles of microbes in human, animal and plant health should be considered within the broader context of terrestrial and aquatic microbial ecosystems that are challenged by the human lifestyle and by agricultural and industrial activities. Here, we propose research priorities and organizational, educational and administrative measures that will help to identify safe microbe-associated health-promoting modalities and practices. In the spirit of an expanding version of "One health" that includes environmental health and its relation to human cultures and habits (EcoHealth), we urge that the lifestyle-microbiota-human health nexus be taken into account in societal decision making.
植物、动物和人类都被微生物（微生物组）定植，并短暂地暴露于无数其他微生物中。微生物组影响所有主要器官系统的发育和功能，并有助于适应和进化，同时防止病原微生物和毒素的侵害。遗传和生活方式因素，包括饮食、抗生素和其他药物以及暴露于自然环境，会影响微生物组的组成，通过调节相互关联的生理系统来影响宿主健康。这些系统包括免疫系统的发育和调节、代谢和内分泌途径、大脑功能以及基因组的表观遗传修饰。重要的是，亲代微生物组对后代的健康具有跨代影响。人类、动物和植物与微生物具有相似的关系。来自人类和其他哺乳动物、两栖动物、昆虫、浮游甲壳类动物和植物的研究范例表明，环境微生物生态系统对生物体的微生物组和健康有影响，并表明环境和内部微生物多样性与健康之间存在联系。因此，在受到人类生活方式以及农业和工业活动挑战的陆地和水生微生物生态系统的更广泛背景下，应考虑微生物在人类、动物和植物健康中的重叠组成和相互关联的作用。在这里，我们提出研究重点以及组织、教育和行政措施，以帮助确定安全的与微生物相关的促进健康的模式和实践。本着包括环境卫生及其与人类文化和习惯的关系的“One Health”的扩展版本(EcoHealth)的精神，我们敦促在社会决策中考虑生活方式-微生物组-人类健康的关系。
