Maloney Michael A, Renshaw Ian, Headrick Jonathon, Martin David T, Farrow Damian
Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Movement Science Department, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Front Psychol. 2018 Jan 31;9:25. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00025. eCollection 2018.
Enhancing practice design is critical to facilitate transfer of learning. Considerable research has focused on the role of perceptual information in practice simulation, yet has neglected how affect and cognition are shaped by practice environments and whether this influences the fidelity of behavior (Headrick et al., 2015). This study filled this gap by examining the fidelity of individual (cognition, affect, and actions) and interpersonal behavior of 10 highly skilled Australian Taekwondo athletes fighting in training compared to competition. Interpersonal behavior was assessed by tracking location coordinates to analyze distance-time coordination tendencies of the fighter-fighter system. Individual actions were assessed through notational analysis and approximate entropy calculations of coordinate data to quantify the (un)predictability of movement displacement. Affect and cognition were assessed with mixed-methods that included perceptual scales measuring anxiety, arousal, and mental effort, and post-fight video-facilitated confrontational interviews to explore how affect and cognitions might differ. Quantitative differences were assessed with mixed models and dependent -tests. Results reveal that individual and interpersonal behavior differed between training and competition. In training, individuals attacked less ( = 0.81, < 0.05), initiated attacks from further away ( = -0.20, < 0.05) and displayed more predictable movement trajectories ( = 0.84, < 0.05). In training, fighters had lower anxiety ( = -1.26, < 0.05), arousal ( = -1.07, < 0.05), and mental effort ( = -0.77, < 0.05). These results were accompanied by changes in interpersonal behavior, with larger interpersonal distances generated by the fighter-fighter system in training ( = 0.80, < 0.05). Qualitative data revealed the emergence of cognitions and affect specific to the training environment, such as reductions in pressure, arousal, and mental challenge. Findings highlight the specificity of performer-environment interactions. Fighting in training affords reduced affective and cognitive demands and a decrease in action fidelity compared to competition. In addition to sampling information, representative practice needs to consider modeling the cognitions and affect of competition to enhance transfer.
优化练习设计对于促进学习迁移至关重要。大量研究聚焦于感知信息在练习模拟中的作用，但却忽视了练习环境如何塑造情感和认知，以及这是否会影响行为的逼真度（黑德里克等人，2015年）。本研究通过考察10名澳大利亚高水平跆拳道运动员在训练和比赛中的个人（认知、情感和动作）及人际行为的逼真度，填补了这一空白。人际行为通过追踪位置坐标来评估，以分析格斗者 - 格斗者系统的距离 - 时间协调趋势。个人动作通过对坐标数据的符号分析和近似熵计算来评估，以量化动作位移的（不可）预测性。情感和认知通过混合方法进行评估，包括测量焦虑、唤醒和心理努力的感知量表，以及赛后视频辅助的对抗性访谈，以探讨情感和认知可能存在的差异。定量差异通过混合模型和相关检验进行评估。结果显示，训练和比赛中的个人及人际行为存在差异。在训练中，个体攻击次数更少（ = 0.81， < 0.05），发起攻击的距离更远（ = -0.20， < 0.05），并且动作轨迹的可预测性更高（ = 0.84， < 0.05）。在训练中，格斗者的焦虑程度更低（ = -1.26， < 0.05）、唤醒水平更低（ = -1.07， < 0.05）、心理努力程度更低（ = -0.77， < 0.05）。这些结果伴随着人际行为的变化，训练中格斗者 - 格斗者系统产生的人际距离更大（ = 0.80， < 0.05）。定性数据揭示了特定于训练环境的认知和情感的出现，例如压力、唤醒和心理挑战的降低。研究结果凸显了表演者 - 环境交互作用具有特异性。与比赛相比，训练中的格斗对情感和认知的要求更低，动作逼真度也更低。除了抽样信息外，具有代表性的练习还需要考虑模拟比赛中的认知和情感，以促进迁移。
