Khaudov Aliybek D, Duduev Astemir S, Kokov Zaur A, Amshokov Khazhismel K, Zhekamukhov Mohamed Kh, Zaitsev Alexander M, Reissmann Monika
Institute of Chemistry and Biology, Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Chernyshevskovo 173, 360004 Nalchik, Russia.
Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Chernyshevskovo 173, 360004 Nalchik, Russia.
Open Vet J. 2018;8(1):40-46. doi: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.7. Epub 2018 Feb 2.
Studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as well as the non-recombining part of the Y chromosome help to understand the origin and distribution of maternal and paternal lineages. The Kabardian horse from Northern Caucasia which is well-known for strength, stamina and endurance in distance riding has a large gap in its breeding documentation especially in the recent past. A 309 bp fragment of the mitochondrial D-loop (156 Kabardian horses) and six mutations in Y chromosome (49 Kabardian stallions), respectively, were analyzed to get a better insight into breeding history, phylogenetic relationship to related breeds, maternal and paternal diversity and genetic structure. We found a high mitochondrial diversity represented by 64 D-loop haplotypes out of 14 haplogroups. The most frequent haplogroups were G (19.5%), L (12.3%), Q (11.7%), and B (11.0%). Although these four haplogroups are also frequently found in Asian riding horses (e.g. Buryat, Kirghiz, Mongolian, Transbaikalian, Tuvinian) the percentage of the particular haplogroups varies sometimes remarkable. In contrast, the obtained haplogroup pattern from Kabardian horse was more similar to that of breeds reared in the Middle East. No specific haplotype cluster was observed in the phylogenetic tree for Kabardian horses. On Kabardian Y chromosome, two mutations were found leading to three haplotypes with a percentage of 36.7% (haplotype HT1), 38.8% (haplotype HT2) and 24.5% (haplotype HT3), respectively. The high mitochondrial and also remarkable paternal diversity of the Kabardian horse is caused by its long history with a widely spread maternal origin and the introduction of Arabian as well as Thoroughbred influenced stallions for improvement. This high genetic diversity provides a good situation for the ongoing breed development and performance selection as well as avoiding inbreeding.
对线粒体DNA（mtDNA）以及Y染色体非重组部分的研究有助于了解母系和父系谱系的起源与分布。北高加索地区的卡巴尔达马以其在耐力骑行中的力量、耐力和持久力而闻名，但其繁殖记录存在很大空白，尤其是在最近一段时间。分别分析了线粒体D环的一个309 bp片段（156匹卡巴尔达马）和Y染色体上的六个突变（49匹卡巴尔达种公马），以便更好地了解其繁殖历史、与相关品种的系统发育关系、母系和父系多样性以及遗传结构。我们发现，14个单倍群中有64个D环单倍型，线粒体多样性较高。最常见的单倍群是G（19.5%）、L（12.3%）、Q（11.7%）和B（11.0%）。虽然这四个单倍群在亚洲骑乘马（如布里亚特马、吉尔吉斯马、蒙古马、外贝加尔马、图瓦马）中也经常出现，但特定单倍群的百分比有时差异显著。相比之下，从卡巴尔达马获得的单倍群模式与中东饲养的品种更为相似。在卡巴尔达马的系统发育树中未观察到特定的单倍型簇。在卡巴尔达马的Y染色体上，发现了两个突变，产生了三种单倍型，比例分别为36.7%（单倍型HT1）、38.8%（单倍型HT2）和24.5%（单倍型HT3）。卡巴尔达马线粒体和父系的高度多样性是由其悠久的历史、广泛传播的母系起源以及引入阿拉伯马和纯种马影响的种公马进行改良所致。这种高遗传多样性为正在进行的品种培育、性能选择以及避免近亲繁殖提供了良好条件。
