Ayala Ana, Meier Benjamin Mason
1O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, 600 New Jersey Avenue NW, Washington DC, USA.
2Global Health Policy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA.
Public Health Rev. 2017 Mar 9;38:10. doi: 10.1186/s40985-017-0056-5. eCollection 2017.
Food and nutrition insecurity continues to pose a serious global challenge, reflecting government shortcomings in meeting international obligations to ensure the availability, accessibility, and quality of food and to ensure the highest attainable standard of health of their peoples. With global drivers like climate change, urbanization, greater armed conflict, and the globalization of unhealthy diet, particularly in under-resourced countries, food insecurity is rapidly becoming an even greater challenge for those living in poverty. International human rights law can serve a critical role in guiding governments that are struggling to protect the health of their populations, particularly among the most susceptible groups, in responding to food and nutrition insecurity. This article explores and advocates for a human rights approach to food and nutrition security, specifically identifying legal mechanisms to "domesticate" relevant international human rights standards through national policy. Recognizing nutrition security as a determinant of public health, this article recognizes the important links between the four main elements of food security (i.e., availability, stability, utilization, and access) and the normative attributes of the right to health and the right to food (i.e., availability, accessibility, affordability, and quality). In drawing from the evolution of international human rights instruments, official documents issued by international human rights treaty bodies, as well as past scholarship at the intersection of the right to health and right to food, this article interprets and articulates the intersectional rights-based obligations of national governments in the face of food and nutrition insecurity.
粮食和营养不安全继续构成严峻的全球挑战，这反映出政府在履行国际义务方面存在不足，这些义务包括确保粮食的供应、可获取性和质量，以及确保其人民享有能达到的最高健康标准。在气候变化、城市化、更多武装冲突以及不健康饮食全球化等全球驱动因素的影响下，特别是在资源匮乏的国家，粮食不安全正迅速成为贫困人群面临的更大挑战。国际人权法在指导各国政府应对粮食和营养不安全问题、保护民众尤其是最弱势群体的健康方面可发挥关键作用。本文探讨并倡导以人权方法解决粮食和营养安全问题，具体确定通过国家政策“纳入”相关国际人权标准的法律机制。本文认识到营养安全是公共卫生的一个决定因素，确认了粮食安全的四个主要要素（即供应、稳定、利用和获取）与健康权和食物权的规范性属性（即可供应性、可获取性、可负担性和质量）之间的重要联系。通过借鉴国际人权文书的演变、国际人权条约机构发布的官方文件以及过去在健康权与食物权交叉领域的学术研究，本文阐释并阐明了各国政府在面对粮食和营养不安全问题时基于交叉权利的义务。
