Stojmenova Kristina, Sodnik Jaka
a Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
Traffic Inj Prev. 2018 Jul 4;19(5):495-500. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1439164. Epub 2018 Apr 18.
There are 3 standardized versions of the Detection Response Task (DRT), 2 using visual stimuli (remote DRT and head-mounted DRT) and one using tactile stimuli. In this article, we present a study that proposes and validates a type of auditory signal to be used as DRT stimulus and evaluate the proposed auditory version of this method by comparing it with the standardized visual and tactile version.
This was a within-subject design study performed in a driving simulator with 24 participants. Each participant performed 8 2-min-long driving sessions in which they had to perform 3 different tasks: driving, answering to DRT stimuli, and performing a cognitive task (n-back task). Presence of additional cognitive load and type of DRT stimuli were defined as independent variables. DRT response times and hit rates, n-back task performance, and pupil size were observed as dependent variables.
Significant changes in pupil size for trials with a cognitive task compared to trials without showed that cognitive load was induced properly. Each DRT version showed a significant increase in response times and a decrease in hit rates for trials with a secondary cognitive task compared to trials without. Similar and significantly better results in differences in response times and hit rates were obtained for the auditory and tactile version compared to the visual version. There were no significant differences in performance rate between the trials without DRT stimuli compared to trials with and among the trials with different DRT stimuli modalities.
The results from this study show that the auditory DRT version, using the signal implementation suggested in this article, is sensitive to the effects of cognitive load on driver's attention and is significantly better than the remote visual and tactile version for auditory-vocal cognitive (n-back) secondary tasks.
检测反应任务（DRT）有3个标准化版本，2个使用视觉刺激（远程DRT和头戴式DRT），1个使用触觉刺激。在本文中，我们呈现了一项研究，该研究提出并验证了一种用作DRT刺激的听觉信号类型，并通过将其与标准化视觉和触觉版本进行比较来评估该方法的拟议听觉版本。
这是一项在驾驶模拟器中对24名参与者进行的受试者内设计研究。每位参与者进行8次时长为2分钟的驾驶课程，在此过程中他们必须执行3项不同任务：驾驶、对DRT刺激做出反应以及执行一项认知任务（n-back任务）。额外认知负荷的存在和DRT刺激的类型被定义为自变量。观察DRT反应时间和命中率、n-back任务表现以及瞳孔大小作为因变量。
与无认知任务的试验相比，有认知任务的试验中瞳孔大小有显著变化，表明认知负荷被适当诱发。与无次要认知任务的试验相比，每个DRT版本在有次要认知任务的试验中反应时间显著增加，命中率降低。与视觉版本相比，听觉和触觉版本在反应时间和命中率差异方面获得了相似且显著更好的结果。与有DRT刺激的试验相比，无DRT刺激的试验之间以及不同DRT刺激方式的试验之间在表现率上没有显著差异。
本研究结果表明，使用本文建议的信号实现方式的听觉DRT版本对认知负荷对驾驶员注意力的影响敏感，并且在听觉-语音认知（n-back）次要任务方面明显优于远程视觉和触觉版本。
