University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Br J Soc Psychol. 2018 Jul;57(3):524-546. doi: 10.1111/bjso.12246. Epub 2018 Feb 21.
This research examined the personality characteristics of individuals who 'speak up' and confront perpetrators of norm transgressions. We tested whether those who intervene tend to be 'bitter complainers' or 'well-adjusted leaders'. In four studies (total N = 1,003), we measured several individual differences that are directly implicated by at least one of the two concepts. We also presented participants with uncivil, discriminatory, and immoral behaviours and asked them how likely they would be to intervene if they were to witness each of these behaviours as a bystander. The results confirmed the well-adjusted leader hypothesis: Participants' self-reported tendency to confront perpetrators correlated positively with altruism, extraversion, social responsibility, acceptance by peers, independent self-construal, emotion regulation, persistence, self-directedness, age, occupation, and monthly salary, but not with aggressiveness or low self-esteem. Individuals who confront prejudice also speak up against other immoral and uncivil behaviours. We discuss the implications of these findings for the perpetuation and change of social norms.
本研究考察了那些“站出来”对抗规范违规者的个体的人格特征。我们测试了那些干预者是否更倾向于是“满腹抱怨者”还是“适应良好的领导者”。在四项研究中（总人数 N=1003），我们测量了至少与两个概念之一直接相关的几个个体差异。我们还向参与者展示了不文明、歧视和不道德的行为，并询问他们如果作为旁观者目睹这些行为中的每一种，他们会有多大可能进行干预。结果证实了适应良好的领导者假设：参与者自我报告的与肇事者对抗的倾向与利他主义、外向性、社会责任、同龄人接受度、独立的自我概念、情绪调节、坚持、自我导向、年龄、职业和月薪呈正相关，但与攻击性或低自尊无关。那些敢于对抗偏见的人也会对其他不道德和不文明的行为提出批评。我们讨论了这些发现对社会规范的延续和改变的意义。
