Zhu Feng, Zhou Yang-Kai, Ji Zhao-Lin, Chen Xiao-Ren
College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
Front Plant Sci. 2018 Feb 9;9:146. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00146. eCollection 2018.
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic -glycosidases that depurinate eukaryotic and prokaryotic rRNAs, thereby arresting protein synthesis during translation. RIPs are widely found in various plant species and within different tissues. It is demonstrated and in transgenic plants that RIPs have been connected to defense by antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and insecticidal activities. However, the mechanism of these effects is still not completely clear. There are a number of reviews of RIPs. However, there are no reviews on the biological functions of RIPs in defense against pathogens and insect pests. Therefore, in this report, we focused on the effect of RIPs from plants in defense against pathogens and insect pest attacks. First, we summarize the three different types of RIPs based on their physical properties. RIPs are generally distributed in plants. Then, we discuss the distribution of RIPs that are found in various plant species and in fungi, bacteria, algae, and animals. Various RIPs have shown unique bioactive properties including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and insecticidal activity. Finally, we divided the discussion into the biological roles of RIPs in defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects. This review is focused on the role of plant RIPs in defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insect attacks. The role of plant RIPs in defense against pathogens and insects is being comprehended currently. Future study utilizing transgenic technology approaches to study the mechanisms of RIPs will undoubtedly generate a better comprehending of the role of plant RIPs in defense against pathogens and insects. Discovering additional crosstalk mechanisms between RIPs and phytohormones or reactive oxygen species (ROS) against pathogen and insect infections will be a significant subject in the field of biotic stress study. These studies are helpful in revealing significance of genetic control that can be beneficial to engineer crops tolerance to biotic stress.
核糖体失活蛋白（RIPs）是一种毒性糖苷酶，可使真核和原核核糖体RNA脱嘌呤，从而在翻译过程中阻止蛋白质合成。RIPs广泛存在于各种植物物种和不同组织中。在转基因植物中已证明，RIPs通过抗真菌、抗菌、抗病毒和杀虫活性与防御相关。然而，这些作用的机制仍不完全清楚。关于RIPs已有许多综述。然而，尚无关于RIPs在抵御病原体和害虫方面生物学功能的综述。因此，在本报告中，我们重点关注植物RIPs在抵御病原体和害虫攻击方面的作用。首先，我们根据其物理性质总结了三种不同类型的RIPs。RIPs通常分布在植物中。然后，我们讨论了在各种植物物种以及真菌、细菌、藻类和动物中发现的RIPs的分布情况。各种RIPs已显示出独特的生物活性，包括抗菌、抗真菌、抗病毒和杀虫活性。最后，我们将讨论分为RIPs在抵御细菌、真菌、病毒和昆虫方面的生物学作用。本综述重点关注植物RIPs在抵御细菌、真菌、病毒和昆虫攻击方面的作用。目前正在了解植物RIPs在抵御病原体和昆虫方面的作用。利用转基因技术方法研究RIPs机制的未来研究无疑将更好地理解植物RIPs在抵御病原体和昆虫方面的作用。发现RIPs与植物激素或活性氧（ROS）之间针对病原体和昆虫感染的额外相互作用机制将是生物胁迫研究领域的一个重要课题。这些研究有助于揭示基因控制的重要性，这可能有利于培育作物对生物胁迫的耐受性。
