Roy Callista
Callista Roy, RN, PhD, FAAN, is Adjunct Professor, Mount St. Mary's University, Los Angeles, California. When this paper was written, she was Professor, Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.
Nurs Res. 2018 Mar/Apr;67(2):81-92. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0000000000000266.
Today, we face a situation some call the "profession at the crossroads." The problem is the development of the profession being threatened by an imbalance among philosophical, conceptual/theoretical, and empirical inquiry.
The aims of this project are to (a) examine the development and contributions of theory, (b) outline the challenges we face in knowledge development, and (c) provide a structure for disciplinary knowledge that provides a unifying focus and renovates theories' place in nursing science that can direct the future of developing knowledge for practice.
A personal narrative along with literature reviews. Narrative strategies included my own publications on theory, some relevant unpublished speeches, memories of meetings checked with concurrent attendees, and similar or dissimilar points of view in nursing theory textbooks.
Contributions of theoretical work in the 20th century included maturing of the discipline, clarifying the theoretical focus of nursing as holistic persons with processes and patterns for environmental integration to attain health, a plurality of grand theories for articulating and testing of theories in practice and research, identification of the mutual impact of theory and education and major conferences, and contributions globally. Twenty-first century developments used all levels of theories particularly for research. Questions are raised about the evaluation of theory. Detours and dead ends for theory development involved metatheory debates and specific events. Challenges identified relate to rapid changes in society, healthcare, and science. A pathway for the future is presented in a figure with its description of the structure of nursing knowledge.
The potential of this structure for developing future theory-based nursing knowledge for practice is envisioned, and strategies for creating this future are suggested.
如今，我们面临着一种被一些人称为“处于十字路口的专业”的情况。问题在于该专业的发展受到哲学、概念/理论和实证探究之间失衡的威胁。
本项目的目标是：（a）审视理论的发展与贡献；（b）概述我们在知识发展中面临的挑战；（c）为学科知识提供一个结构，该结构提供一个统一的焦点，并革新理论在护理科学中的地位，从而能够指导未来实践知识的发展。
采用个人叙述并结合文献综述。叙述策略包括我自己关于理论的出版物、一些相关的未发表演讲、与同期参会者核对过的会议记忆，以及护理理论教科书中相似或不同的观点。
20世纪理论工作的贡献包括学科的成熟、将护理的理论焦点明确为作为整体的人，以及实现健康所需的环境整合过程和模式、众多用于在实践和研究中阐述和检验理论的宏大理论、确定理论与教育的相互影响以及主要会议，还有全球范围内的贡献。21世纪的发展尤其在研究中运用了各级理论。人们对理论评估提出了疑问。理论发展中的弯路和死胡同涉及元理论辩论和特定事件。所确定的挑战与社会、医疗保健和科学的快速变化有关。图中展示了未来的一条路径及其对护理知识结构的描述。
设想了这种结构对于发展未来基于理论的护理实践知识的潜力，并提出了创造这一未来的策略。
